scholarly journals Types, norms, and normalisation: Hormone research and treatments in Italy, Argentina, and Brazil, c. 1900–50

2020 ◽  
pp. 095269512094119
Author(s):  
Chiara Beccalossi
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Physiological Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Hormone Research ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Hormone Therapies

Displacing the physiological model that had held sway in 19th-century medical thinking, early 20th-century hormone research promoted an understanding of the body and sexual desires in which variations in sex characteristics and non-reproductive sexual behaviours such as homosexuality were attributed to anomalies in the internal secretions produced by the testes or the ovaries. Biotypology, a new brand of medical science conceived and led by the Italian endocrinologist Nicola Pende, employed hormone research to study human types and hormone treatments to normalise individuals who did not conform to accepted medical norms. Latin American medical doctors, eugenicists, and sexologists took up biotypology with enthusiasm. This article considers the case studies of Italy, Argentina, and Brazil, and analyses the work of medical doctors who adopted a biotypological mode of reasoning and employed to various extents hormone therapies in their practice. By focusing on hormone therapies that aimed to normalise secondary sexual characteristics and the sexual instinct, the article suggests that while the existence of normality was contested to the point that a number of medical scientists argued that no such thing existed, the pursuit of normality was carried out in very practical terms through the new medical technologies hormone research had introduced.

scholarly journals Frequency of iodine deficiency disorders among children living in the iodine deficiency region

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Tamila Sorokman ◽  
◽  
Marina Bachu ◽  
Iryna Sokolhyk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Iodine In Urine

Introduction. Currently, only a small number of countries have a stable iodine adequacy, about a third of the world’s population lives in areas with some iodine deficiency. Because children have an increased risk of adverse effects in response to iodine deficiency, it is important to assess the health of these children. Aim. To investigate the frequency of iodine deficiency in children from the iodine deficiency region. Methods. The research was conducted during expeditions to various geographical areas of Northern Bukovyna (Chernivtsi region, Ukraine). 1,973 school-age children were examined (measurement of anthropometric indicators, assessment of cognitive, physical and sexual development, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland (TG), ovaries and testicles, determination of hormonal status and iodine in urine). Results. Of 1,973 children, 53.7% (1060) had thyroid abnormalities. The frequency of goiter in the mountain zone – 59.8%. In 12.3% of children there was a tendency to increase of TSH. The median ioduria in children from mountainous areas corresponds to moderate iodine deficiency. Children from mountainous areas have various disorders: 38.5% disharmonious physical development, a third low intellectual development, disorders of the order of appearance and development of secondary sexual characteristics in the examined children. Conclusion. The results of the study show the negative impact of iodine deficiency on the body of children. It is necessary to continue monitoring of ioduria and children’s health and implement preventive measures.

scholarly journals 11β-Hydroxylase loss disrupts steroidogenesis and reproductive function in zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-212
Author(s):  
James A Oakes ◽  
Lise Barnard ◽  
Karl-Heinz Storbeck ◽  
Vincent T Cunliffe ◽  
Nils P Krone
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Type A ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Sex Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type A Spermatogonia

The roles of androgens in male reproductive development and function in zebrafish are poorly understood. To investigate this topic, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 to generate cyp11c1 (11β-hydroxylase) mutant zebrafish lines. Our study confirms recently published findings from a different cyp11c1−/− mutant zebrafish line, and also reports novel aspects of the phenotype caused by loss of Cyp11c1 function. We report that Cyp11c1-deficient zebrafish display predominantly female secondary sex characteristics, but may possess either ovaries or testes. Moreover, we observed that cyp11c1−/− mutant male zebrafish are profoundly androgen- and cortisol-deficient. These results provide further evidence that androgens are dispensable for testis formation in zebrafish, as has been demonstrated previously in androgen-deficient and androgen-resistant zebrafish. Herein, we show that the testes of cyp11c1−/− mutant zebrafish exhibit a disorganised tubular structure; and for the first time demonstrate that the spermatic ducts, which connect the testes to the urogenital orifice, are severely hypoplastic in androgen-deficient zebrafish. Furthermore, we show that spermatogenesis and characteristic breeding behaviours are impaired in cyp11c1−/− mutant zebrafish. Expression of nanos2, a type A spermatogonia marker, was significantly increased in the testes of Cyp11c1-deficient zebrafish, whereas expression of markers for later stages of spermatogenesis was significantly decreased. These observations indicate that in zebrafish, production of type A spermatogonia is androgen-independent, but differentiation of type A spermatogonia is an androgen-dependent process. Overall, our results demonstrate that whilst androgens are not required for testis formation, they play important roles in determining secondary sexual characteristics, proper organisation of seminiferous tubules, and differentiation of male germ cells.

scholarly journals Factors affecting secondary sex characteristics in the yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diógenes H. Siqueira-Silva ◽  
Rafaela M. Bertolini ◽  
Nycolas L. Pereira ◽  
Nivaldo F. Nascimento ◽  
José A. Senhorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Summary Statement ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Secondary Sexual

AbstractThis work aimed to analyze factors affecting secondary sexual characteristics in the yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae. For this, seventy-five specimens were first separated into three different size classes (small, medium and large groups) between two seasons, summer and winter. In all groups, male fish were consistently bigger in the summer. On the other hand, females from both seasons presented in media the same length into the length classes. Afterwards, we performed histological analyses of the gonads to first confirm the genus and investigate the phase of maturation of each animal. During the winter, most of the small animals were males (22), most of the large animals, females (23), and the medium size animals followed a tendency of 1:1 ratio (9 male: 16 female). In the summer, male were the majority in both small (20) and medium (20) size. Larger-size animals were female (23). Then, in order to analyze the influence of genus, phase of maturation, season of the year, the number, and length of the animals spinelets, we diaphanized, counted, and measured them in each animal. Our results demonstrated that the spinelets are a sexual secondary characteristic of male genus independently of the size, season and phase of maturation. However, some tendencies were observed. Males bigger than 48 mm always presented spinelets; their size are in media the double in summer in comparison to winter; and summer males presents more rays with spinelets in the summer. Curiously, the larger specimen sampled was a female presenting spinelets in five rays. Lastly, we performed the gonadectomization of the animals and hypothesized that gonad hormones will directly influence this characteristic. The gonadectomization only initially influence on the size and number of spinelets in the anal fin rays, since the thirty-day-gonadectomized animals presented few and smaller spinelets against the control ones. However, the spinelets normalized in ninety-day-gonadectomized specimens. Such a work showed spinelets can be considered a secondary sexual characteristic to distinct male from female and can be used in the management in specimens bigger than 48 mm, but cannot indicate fish sterility.Summary statementThis study elucidated whether the size, sex, environmental conditions, and gonadal development affect the development of spinelets, a bony structure presented in anal fins in mature fish. Additionally, gonadectomized fish were used to elucidate the effect of gonad on the rise of such structures. Interesting new data showed that such a secondary sex characteristic is influenced by sex, size, gonadal development, and season of the year, but spinelets arose even within gonadectomized fish; this suggests that such a structure is not indicative of sterility in this species.

scholarly journals Secondary Sexual Characteristics in the Galerucinae (Sensu Stricto) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

ISRN Zoology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Mohamedsaid ◽  
D. G. Furth
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
The Body ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristic ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Sexual Characteristic ◽  
Secondary Sexual

A list of 1298 species and 172 genera of Chrysomelidae from the subfamily Galerucinae (sensu stricto) with the males having at least one form of secondary sexual characteristic (SSC) is presented. The number of species amounts to 24% of the total Galerucinae presently known from all over the world—a very significant amount. The SSCs comprise various types of modified structures found on all parts of the body—head, thorax, and abdomen. They are not variable but species specific. Illustrations from selected 87 species that include 84 images and 15 line drawings showing various types of SSC are provided. The amazing array of SSCs from the Galerucinae offers a large and taxonomically diverse set of data that are not comparable with other subfamilies in the Chrysomelidae and may be useful in phylogenetic analysis of the family.

scholarly journals Features of sexual development in girls with general and genital infantilism in the early reproductive period

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
G.G. Hasanli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Purpose — study of the severity of secondary sexual characteristics in girls with general and genital infantilism in the early reproductive period. Materials and methods. 150 girls with general and genital infantilism were examined. All examined girls underwent clinical, functional, hormonal, biochemical, radiological, genetic and laboratory tests. The average age of girls was 19.56±0.13 (17–22) years. The average weight of the examined was within 55.37±1.56 (32–98) kg, height 1.57±0.13 (1.36–1.71) m. The body-mass index was 22.5±0.48 (15–48). The severity of secondary sexual characteristics was assessed according the J. Tanner scale. Results and conclusions. It was found that adolescents with general infantilism (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) have a significant delay in the development of secondary sexual characteristics against the background of mild hirsutism (р<0.05). In Patients with genital infantilism (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), significant axillary and suprapubic hair growth at the background of poor development of the mammary glands was noted. Also the moderate degree of hirsutism was confirmed. With normogonadotropic hypogonadism, the development of secondary sexual characteristics corresponds to similar indicators of practically healthy girls. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. The authors declare no conflicts of interests. Key words: general infantilism, genital infantilism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, normogonadotropic hypogonadism, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, hirsutism.

Sex determination and Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Abyt Ibraimov
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Biological Meaning ◽  
Heterochromatin Block ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Efficient Elimination

In many animals, including us, the genetic sex is determined at fertilization by sex chromosomes. Seemingly, the sex determination (SD) in human and animals is determined by the amount of constitutive heterochromatin on Y chromosome via cell thermoregulation. It is assumed the medulla and cortex tissue cells in the undifferentiated embryonic gonads (UEG) differ in vulnerability to the increase of the intracellular temperature. If the amount of the Y chromosome constitutive heterochromatin is enough for efficient elimination of heat difference between the nucleus and cytoplasm in rapidly growing UEG cells the medulla tissue survives. Otherwise it doomed to degeneration and a cortex tissue will remain in the UEG. Regardless of whether our assumption is true or not, it remains an open question why on Y chromosome there is a large constitutive heterochromatin block? What is its biological meaning? Does it relate to sex determination, sex differentiation and development of secondary sexual characteristics? If so, what is its mechanism: chemical or physical? There is no scientifically sound answer to these questions.

Reproductive failure of the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) after exposure to an exogenous estrogen

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1730-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. McGree ◽  
Dana L. Winkelman ◽  
Nicole  K.M.  Vieira ◽  
Alan  M.  Vajda
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Cyprinella Lutrensis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Solvent Control ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been detected in surface waters worldwide and can lead to developmental and reproductive disruption in exposed fishes. In the US Great Plains, EDCs are impacting streams and rivers and may be causing adverse reproductive effects. To examine how estrogenic EDCs might affect reproductive success of plains fishes, we experimentally exposed male red shiners ( Cyprinella lutrensis ) to exogenous 17β-estradiol. We characterized the effects of estradiol on male gonadal histology and secondary sexual characteristics, determined whether exposure reduced reproductive success, and examined the effects of depuration. Adults were exposed to a mean concentration of 70 ng·L−1 estradiol, a solvent control, or a water control for at least 83 days. Male exposure to estradiol resulted in elevated plasma vitellogenin concentrations, changes in spermatogenesis, reduced mating coloration and tubercles, altered mating behaviors, and reduced reproductive success with no viable progeny produced. Reproductive endpoints improved upon depuration (28 days). Exposure to estradiol had significant adverse effects on red shiners, indicating that wild populations may face developmental and reproductive difficulties if they are chronically exposed to estradiol.

Comparative urogenital morphology and external sex determination in muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Lebeau ◽  
Gérard Pageau
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Northern Pike ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Esox Masquinongy ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Spawning Behaviour ◽  
Accurate Indicator ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Primary and secondary sexual characteristics in northern pike, Esox lucius Linneaus, and muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, differ markedly. Differences in the internal urogenital anatomy include the structure of the genital ducts and the angle they form with the ventral surface. Externally, the genital and urinary ducts open directly to the environment in northern pike, whereas in muskellunge they open into a muscular papilla and then through a urogenital pore. Differences in sexual dimorphism between the two closely related esocids constitute a structural basis to explain the known differences in spawning behaviour and reproductive success. Differences in secondary sexual characteristics explain why the methods developed by Demchenko or Casselman to externally sex pike are inapplicable to muskellunge. To develop and test two external sexing techniques for muskellunge, specimens were collected from two regions in Canada from 1980 to 1987. Examination of reproductive products obtained from stripping provided an accurate indicator of sex and sexual maturity, but demonstrated serious limitations. A simple method to sex muskellunge by examination of the external urogenital morphology is described for juveniles and adults. Dissection of fish revealed that with the urogenital examination technique we sexed juveniles with a success rate of 92–98%, and adults with 100% accuracy.

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