A simulation-based case study for powertrain efficiency improvement by automated driving functions

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. 1320-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Plum ◽  
Marius Wegener ◽  
Markus Eisenbarth ◽  
Ziqi Ye ◽  
Konstantin Etzold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Virtual Testing ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Testing Environments

An increasing level of driving automation and a successive electrification of modern powertrains enable a higher degree of freedom to improve vehicle fuel efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions. Currently, both domains themselves, driving automation as well as powertrain electrification, face the challenge of a rising development complexity with extensive use of virtual testing environments. However, state-of-the-art virtual testing environments typically strictly focus on just one domain and neglect the other. This paper shows the results of a simulation-based case study considering both domains simultaneously. The influence of energy saving automated functionalities on a conventional, a hybrid, and a pure electric powertrain is investigated for a carefully selected inner-city driving scenario. The vehicle simulation models for the different powertrain configurations are calibrated using test bench results and vehicle measurements. A model predictive acceleration controller is developed for realizing the speed optimization function. By considering traffic conditions such as traffic light schedules and a preceding vehicle as the boundary conditions, unnecessary accelerations and decelerations are avoided to reduce the energy demand. The case study is realized by applying this function to the three powertrains variants. As a final result, a clear difference in energy demand is observed: the hybrid powertrain benefits the most in terms of energy demand reduction in the given use case. The results clearly underscore that in future vehicle development programs, the powertrain and the real-world driving functionalities have to be optimized simultaneously to minimize the energy demand during everyday vehicle operation.

scholarly journals Green Roofs as Effective Tools for Improving the Indoor Comfort Levels of Buildings—An Application to a Case Study in Sicily

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Cirrincione ◽  
Maria La Gennusa ◽  
Giorgia Peri ◽  
Gianfranco Rizzo ◽  
Gianluca Scaccianoce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Comfort Levels ◽  
Indoor Comfort ◽  
The Impact

In the line of pursuing better energy efficiency in human activities that would result in a more sustainable utilization of resources, the building sector plays a relevant role, being responsible for almost 40% of both energy consumption and the release of pollutant substances in the atmosphere. For this purpose, techniques aimed at improving the energy performances of buildings’ envelopes are of paramount importance. Among them, green roofs are becoming increasingly popular due to their capability of reducing the (electric) energy needs for (summer) climatization of buildings, hence also positively affecting the indoor comfort levels for the occupants. Clearly, reliable tools for the modelling of these envelope components are needed, requiring the availability of suitable field data. Starting with the results of a case study designed to estimate how the adoption of green roofs on a Sicilian building could positively affect its energy performance, this paper shows the impact of this technology on indoor comfort and energy consumption, as well as on the reduction of direct and indirect CO2 emissions related to the climatization of the building. Specifically, the ceiling surface temperatures of some rooms located underneath six different types of green roofs were monitored. Subsequently, the obtained data were used as input for one of the most widely used simulation models, i.e., EnergyPlus, to evaluate the indoor comfort levels and the achievable energy demand savings of the building involved. From these field analyses, green roofs were shown to contribute to the mitigation of the indoor air temperatures, thus producing an improvement of the comfort conditions, especially in summer conditions, despite some worsening during transition periods seeming to arise.

scholarly journals Operational sea passage scenario generation for virtual testing of ships using an optimization for simulation approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endre Sandvik ◽  
Jørgen Bremnes Nielsen ◽  
Bjørn Egil Asbjørnslett ◽  
Eilif Pedersen ◽  
Kjetil Fagerholt
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Sea State ◽  
Virtual Testing ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
The North ◽  
Simulation Based Design ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
The North Pacific

AbstractIn this paper, a model for implementation of sea passage operational scenarios in the context of simulation-based design of ships is presented. To facilitate the transition towards more energy-efficient shipping, the ability to evaluate and understand ship and ship system behaviour in operational conditions is central. By introducing an optimization model in virtual testing frameworks, operational scenarios can be generated that enhances scenario relevance and testing abilities. The optimization for simulation approach provides speed and course commands based on an optimization framework which factors in the operational considerations and sea state conditions in the area of operation. Impact on the understanding of ship system performance using simulation is assessed in a case study where a sea passage over the North Pacific is replicated for varying operational scenarios and seasons. It is found that the variation of operational scenario, affecting the sea state and speed relation, causes significant differences in required power and fuel consumption estimates. Sea passage control is found to be an important dimension in virtual testing approaches.

scholarly journals Sequential lidar sensor system simulation: a modular approach for simulation-based safety validation of automated driving

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 187-197
Author(s):  
Philipp Rosenberger ◽  
Martin Friedrich Holder ◽  
Nicodemo Cianciaruso ◽  
Philip Aust ◽  
Jonas Franz Tamm-Morschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Modular Approach ◽  
Active Perception ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Tracking Model

Abstract Validating safety is an unsolved challenge before autonomous driving on public roads is possible. Since only the use of simulation-based test procedures can lead to an economically viable solution for safety validation, computationally efficient simulation models with validated fidelity are demanded. A central part of the overall simulation tool chain is the simulation of the perception components. In this work, a sequential modular approach for simulation of active perception sensor systems is presented on the example of lidar. It enables the required level of fidelity of synthetic object list data for safety validation using beforehand simulated point clouds. The elaborated framework around the sequential modules provides standardized interfaces packaging for co-simulation such as Open Simulation Interface (OSI) and Functional Mockup Interface (FMI), while providing a new level of modularity, testability, interchangeability, and distributability. The fidelity of the sequential approach is demonstrated on an everyday scenario at an intersection that is performed in reality at first and reproduced in simulation afterwards. The synthetic point cloud is generated by a sensor model with high fidelity and processed by a tracking model afterwards, which, therefore, outputs bounding boxes and trajectories that are close to reality.

scholarly journals A Simulation-Based Dynamic Programming Method for Interchange Scheduling of Port Collecting and Distributing Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Peng ◽  
Wenyuan Wang ◽  
Xinglu Xu ◽  
Modi Chen ◽  
Xiangqun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Dynamic Programming Method ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Random Events ◽  
Dalian Port ◽  
And Storage

As one of the effective methods to reduce congestion, grade intersection has already been changed to interchange in port collecting and distributing network (PCDN) of many Chinese ports, since the first interchange was built in the PCDN of Dalian port in 1924. Due to the growing demand for port freight transportation, congestion in PCDN is becoming one of the inevitable problems that need to be solved. This paper addresses the best interchange scheduling multistage decision problem in PCDN at a network level. The main challenges are how to estimate the delay time and cope with high uncertainties in port network and PCDN. Therefore, a simulation-based dynamic programming (DP) model is proposed with the purpose of minimizing total cost in lifetime period by combining a DP model and two nested simulation models together. Two simulation models are built to figure out the delay cost in the optimization model, which cannot be calculated by mathematical analysis due to complex vehicle travel patterns and irregular traffic volume caused by random events, such as the arrival pattern of ships’, natural conditions, and storage period of cargos. Finally, a real project in northern China is presented as a case study. The proposed method can be applied in similar cases and can help solve analogous complicated multistage problems.

scholarly journals Fast Prototype Framework for Deep Reinforcement Learning-based Trajectory Planner

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
Árpád Fehér ◽  
Szilárd Aradi ◽  
Tamás Bécsi
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Real World ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Simulation Validation ◽  
Training Approach ◽  
Resource Requirements ◽  
Insight Into

Reinforcement Learning, as one of the main approaches of machine learning, has been gaining high popularity in recent years, which also affects the vehicle industry and research focusing on automated driving. However, these techniques, due to their self-training approach, have high computational resource requirements. Their development can be separated into training with simulation, validation through vehicle dynamics software, and real-world tests. However, ensuring portability of the designed algorithms between these levels is difficult. A case study is also given to provide better insight into the development process, in which an online trajectory planner is trained and evaluated in both vehicle simulation and real-world environments.

Lean service system design: a simulation-based VSM case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1802-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatih Cavdur ◽  
Betul Yagmahan ◽  
Ece Oguzcan ◽  
Nazli Arslan ◽  
Nurbanu Sahan
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Public University ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Value Stream Mapping ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Value Stream ◽  
Future State ◽  
Simulation Based

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for using simulation models together with value stream mapping (VSM) for designing lean service systems and illustrate it with a case study. Design/methodology/approach The authors propose a methodology combining simulation and VSM. Simulation models for both current and future states are developed to validate the results of the corresponding maps of current and future states, respectively. Findings The results illustrate the advantages of the suggested design represented by the future state map. Additionally, using simulation models together with VSM for validating current and future states also allows decision makers to perform comprehensive analyses on the system and draw statistical conclusions. Originality/value Although some lean applications in educational services exist in previous studies, according to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first one combining VSM and simulation for the implementation of the lean concepts in the construction and technical services of a public university.

scholarly journals A simulation-based approach to identify bottlenecks in the bearing manufacturing process

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. s843-s855
Author(s):  
Larissa Moreira Alves de Souza Souza ◽  
Adriano Maniçoba da Silva ◽  
Julio Maria de Souza ◽  
Regis Cortez Bueno ◽  
Sivanilza Teixeira Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Flexible Manufacturing ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Modeling Simulation ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Short Time

Flexible manufacturing processes improve profitability and competitiveness for the company through an efficient process, with quality in a short time, and contribute to achieving low costs. One of the approaches that have been currently developed to improve the flexible manufacturing process is simulation. Simulation models consist of an assertive and powerful tool in strategic planning.  It permits a controlled way of the company's reality so that it was possible to study and analyze the organization's current situation under several circumstances without altering the production's physical environment and involving low costs. Accordingly, this study's primary purpose was to develop a simulation model to verify bottlenecks' existence in the bearing manufacturing process. For this, a case study is presented, and it was used modeling/simulation with Arena Software as a research method. The results showed no bottlenecks in the manufacturing process.

A simulation-based approach to develop a holonic robotic cell

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
Clint Alex Steed
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Robotic Cell ◽  
Communication Interface ◽  
Smart Cameras ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Cell Controller

Purpose This paper aims to present an approach for the simulation of a heterogeneous robotic cell. The simulation enables the cell’s developers to conveniently compare the performance of alternative cell configurations. The approach combines the use of multiple available simulation tools, with a custom holonic cell controller. This overcomes the limitation of currently available robot simulation packages by allowing integration of multiple simulation tools including multiple vendor simulation packages. Design/methodology/approach A feeding cell was developed as a case study representing a typical robotic application. The case study would compare two configurations of the cell, namely, eye-in-hand vision and fixed-camera vision. The authors developed the physical cell in parallel with the simulated cell to validate its performance. Then they used simulation to scale the models (by adding subsystems) and shortlist suitable cell configurations based on initial capital investment and throughput rate per unit cost. The feeding cell consisted of a six-degree of freedom industrial robot (KUKA KR16), two smart cameras (Cognex ism-1100 and DVT Legend 500), an industrial PC (Beckhoff) and custom reconfigurable singulation units. Findings The approach presented here allows the combination of dissimilar simulation models constructed for the above mentioned case study. Experiments showed the model developed in this approach could reasonably predict various eye-in-hand and fixed-camera systems’ performance. Combining the holonic controller with the simulation allows developers to easily compare the performance of a variety of configurations. The use of a common communication platform allowed the communication between multiple simulation packages, allowing multi-vendor simulation, thereby overcoming current limitation in simulation software. Research limitations/implications The case study developed here is considered a typical feeding and assembly application. This is however very different from other robotic applications which should be explored in separate case studies. Simulation packages with the same communication interface as the physical resource can be integrated. If the communication interface is not available, other means of simulation can be used. The case study findings are limited to the specific products being used and their simulation packages. However, these are indicative of typical industry technologies available. Only real-time simulations were considered. Practical implications This simulation-based approach allows designers to quickly quantify the performance of alternative system configurations (eye-in-hand or fixed camera in this case) and scale, thereby enabling them to better optimize robotic cell designs. In addition, the holonic control system’s modular control interface allows for the development of the higher-level controller without hardware and easy replacement of the lower level components with other hardware or simulation models. Originality/value The combination of a holonic control system with a simulation to replace hardware is shown to be a useful tool. The inherent modularity of holonic control systems allows that multiple simulation components be connected, thereby overcoming the limitation of vendor-specific simulation packages.

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