scholarly journals Absolute Versus Relative Success: Why Overconfidence Creates an Inefficient Equilibrium

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110074
Author(s):  
Alice Soldà ◽  
Changxia Ke ◽  
William von Hippel ◽  
Lionel Page
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Noisy Signal ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unequal Allocation

Overconfidence is one of the most ubiquitous biases in the social sciences, but the evidence regarding its overall costs and benefits is mixed. To test the possibility that overconfidence might yield important relative benefits that offset its absolute costs, we conducted an experiment ( N = 298 university students) in which pairs of participants bargained over the unequal allocation of a prize that was earned through a joint effort. We manipulated confidence using a binary noisy signal to investigate the causal effect of negotiators’ beliefs about their relative contribution to the outcome of the negotiation. Our results provide evidence that high levels of confidence lead to relative benefits (how much one earns compared with one’s partner) but absolute costs (how much money one receives overall). These results suggest that overconfidence creates an inefficient equilibrium whereby overconfident negotiators benefit over their partners even as they bring about joint losses.

scholarly journals Absolute vs. relative success: Why overconfidence is an inefficient equilibrium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Solda ◽  
Changxia Ke ◽  
Bill von Hippel ◽  
Lionel Page
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Noisy Signal ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Unequal Allocation

Overconfidence is one of the most ubiquitous biases in the social sciences, but the evidenceregarding its overall costs and benefits is mixed. To test the possibility that overconfidence mightyield important relative benefits that offset its absolute costs, we conducted an experiment (N=298university students) in which pairs of participants bargain over the unequal allocation of a prizethat was earned via a joint effort. We manipulated confidence using a binary noisy signal toinvestigate the causal effect of negotiators’ beliefs about their relative contribution on the outcomeof the negotiation. Our results provide evidence that high levels of confidence lead to relativebenefits (how much one earns compared to one’s partner) but absolute costs (how much moneyone receives overall). These results suggest that overconfidence creates an inefficient equilibriumwhereby overconfident negotiators benefit over their partners even as they bring about joint losses.

When Natural Experiments Are Neither Natural nor Experiments

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASJEET S. SEKHON ◽  
ROCÍO TITIUNIK
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Unbiased Estimate ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Alternative Research ◽  
Conceptual Difficulties

Natural experiments help to overcome some of the obstacles researchers face when making causal inferences in the social sciences. However, even when natural interventions are randomly assigned, some of the treatment–control comparisons made available by natural experiments may not be valid. We offer a framework for clarifying the issues involved, which are subtle and often overlooked. We illustrate our framework by examining four different natural experiments used in the literature. In each case, random assignment of the intervention is not sufficient to provide an unbiased estimate of the causal effect. Additional assumptions are required that are problematic. For some examples, we propose alternative research designs that avoid these conceptual difficulties.

Opinions of university students on effects of distance learning in Turkey during the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 526-543
Author(s):  
Münir Şahin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Social ◽  
Phenomenological Research Method ◽  
Distance Education System

This study aimed to examine the opinions of university students’ about distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study could be guiding for similar situations in the future. The study was carried out according to the phenomenological research method, one of the methods in qualitative research methods. The data were collected from 84 students from 4 different public universities in four regions, Black Sea Region, Mediterranean Region, Central Anatolia Region, Eastern Anatolia Region between April and December 2020, with a semi-structured interview form through Instagram interviews. According to the findings, the majority (f=61) of the participant declared that they were well informed by their universities and instructors about the processes of distance education. Almost half of the participants stated that they had no important problem reaching the distance education system. However, most of the participants (f=47) declared that they had problems in time. The participants shared the opinion that the course documents loaded by the instructors were sufficient, clear and instructive, and the live courses were useful. Most of the participants (f=62) declared that using homework, projects and presentations as a means of course measurement method is useful. The study showed that participants (f=70) had no communication problem with their instructors during the process. Students (f=75) also suggested distance education be used in similar situations. Before the study consent of the Social Sciences Research Committee was taken, students’ approval was taken online.

scholarly journals The Necessity of Construct and External Validity for Generalized Causal Claims

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Esterling ◽  
David Brady ◽  
Eric Schwitzgebel
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
The Social

The credibility revolution has facilitated tremendous progress in the social sciences by advancing design-based strategies that rely on internal validity to deductively identify causal effects. We demonstrate that prioritizing internal validity while neglecting construct and external validity prevents causal generalization and misleadingly converts a deductive claim of causality into a claim based on speculation and exploration -- undermining the very goals of the credibility revolution. We develop a formal framework of causal specification to demonstrate that internal, external and construct validity are jointly necessary for generalized claims regarding a causal effect. If one lacks construct validity, one cannot assign meaningful labels to the cause or to the outcome. If one lacks external validity, one cannot make statements about the conditions required for the cause to occur. Re-balancing considerations of internal, construct and external via causal specification preserves and advances the intent of the credibility revolution to understand causal effects.

Gender Regimes in Western Societies from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (03) ◽  
pp. 391-399
Author(s):  
Didier Lett
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One

The concept of gender has become such an important subject in international historiography over the last two decades that it might appear odd to devote an entire dossier of the Annales to the topic. However, the relative success of this field of research may also conceal ambiguities in both the intellectual project underlying the term as well as its reception in the social sciences. For certain authors, undertaking a history of gender has meant writing a history of women. Though this form of history now enjoys proper recognition, it is still depreciated in two ways: on the one hand, it is qualified as a militant—and therefore unscholarly—history; and, on the other, it is criticized according to some vague argument claiming that no matter how it is labeled—“gender” or “women”—the inquiry is already dated. Without a doubt, the now canonical expression “history of women and gender” has generated real confusion among those scholars who are not particularly engaged with the field.1

scholarly journals ACTITUDES EMPRENDEDORAS QUE INCIDEN EN EL DESARROLLO EMPRESARIAL DE LOS ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS DE INSTITUCIONES DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR (IES), EN MÉXICO (ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUDES THAT INFLUENCE THE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS [HEI] IN MEXICO)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Margarita Carrera Sanchez ◽  
Abel Partida Puente ◽  
Luis Alberto Villarreal Villarreal ◽  
Antonio Carlos Cantú Villarreal
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
University Students ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Educación Superior ◽  
Educacion Superior ◽  
Entrepreneurial Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

El emprendimiento es un tema de interés y de actualidad, así como las actitudes emprendedoras, que son parte fundamental en el desarrollo empresarial en los estudiantes en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES), siendo un tema debatido desde hace algunos años por la mayoría de los países, esto gracias a los grandes aportes en la ciencia y tecnología que han alcanzado a la fecha en el desarrollo económico de cada país. El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo describir y analizar las actitudes emprendedoras que inciden en el desarrollo empresarial de los estudiantes universitarios en las IES. Implementando un análisis estadístico a través de una regresión lineal múltiple a través del software Statical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v18), mediante la recolección de una encuesta a 457 estudiantes de una universidad mexicana, distribuidos en la carrera de contador público, licenciado en administración, licenciado en tecnologías de información y licenciado en negocios internacionales. La hipótesis planteada en relación con las actitudes emprendedoras que inciden positivamente en el desarrollo empresarial es contrastada con la población de estudio. Las aportaciones de las actividades realizadas por el desarrollo empresarial de los emprendedores favorecen el entorno y contribuyen en la generación de empleos y desarrollo económico. De tal forma que las actitudes emprendedoras que fueron significativas en el desarrollo empresarial de los estudiantes universitarios son: la Motivación de Logro (ML), la Motivación por Emprender (MPE) y la Actitud Emprendedora Universitaria (AEU), con valor de significancia por debajo del 5%.

Interpretive Approaches: A Psycholinguistic Perspective

1985 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-784
Author(s):  
Dane L. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Public Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Public Behavior

An interpretive approach to studying human activity is a potentially powerful set of procedures for the social sciences. The proponents of this methodology focus on levels of “discourse constraints” that give meaning to public behavior in their attempt to link the “explanation” of texts to an “understanding” of context. The argument can be extended to the search by cognitive scientists and psycholinguists for constraints on the “discourse of thought,” including the interrelationship of thought and the context within which thinking takes place.The “texts” of human behavior, linguistic or otherwise, seem to cohere. Discovering how the principles of coherence are acquired by individuals as they develop, and how this “tacit knowledge” informs “public action,” will require joint effort by many social scientists, including psychologists. A rigorous interpretive approach also requires that we acknowledge how, as researchers, we add layers of meaning to the activities we observe.

scholarly journals Evaluatıon of sports character of university students who do sports in terms of various variables

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1206
Author(s):  
Yasin Yıldız ◽  
Murat Özmaden
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Sport Team ◽  
The Social ◽  
Package Program ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sports Sciences

In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the sportive characteristics of university students who are actively involved in sports in terms of gender, age, education department, class and type of sport (team and individual). In addition to the personal information form for the demographic characteristics, the Sport Character Scale, developed by Chang-Yong Jang (2013) and adapted to Turkish by Görgüt and Tuncel (2017), was used. A total of 621 students 401 males (64.6%), 220 females (35.4%)) who were active in the individual and team and sports branches of the Sports Sciences Faculty of Aydın Adnan Menderes University were surveyed. The data obtained from the students were analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) v 25.0 package program, T-Test, One-Way Analysis of Variance and Scheffe Test to determine that the groups were statistically different from each other. According to the data obtained from the students who participated in the study, differences were found between the sporting character age, gender, class and type of sport. As a result of this research, it can be said that the sporting characteristics of the students doing sports can be determined and evaluations can be made towards their goals. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet Bu araştırmada aktif olarak spor yapan üniversite öğrencilerinin sportif karakterlerinin cinsiyet, yaş, öğrenim görülen bölüm, sınıf ve yapılan spor türü (takım ve bireysel) açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada demografik özellikler için kişisel bilgi formunun yanında Chang-Yong Jang (2013) tarafından geliştirilen ve Türkçe uyarlaması Görgüt ve Tuncel (2017) tarafından yapılan Spor Karakter Ölçeği (Sport Character Scale), kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde öğrenim gören bireysel ve takım ve spor branşlarında aktif olarak yer alan 401 erkek (%64,6), 220 kadın (%35,4) olmak üzere toplamda 621 öğrenciye anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada öğrencilerden edilen veriler SPSS (Statistical Package For The Social Sciences) v 25.0 paket programı kullanılarak T-Testi, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi ve grupların birbirinden istatistiksel olarak farklı olduğunun belirlenmesinde Scheffe Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerde elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda sportif karakter yaş, cinsiyet öğrenim görülen sınıf ve yapılan spor türü arasında istatiksel anlamda farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda bu araştırma neticesinde spor yapan öğrencilerin sportif karakterlerinin saptanarak amaçları doğrultusunda hedeflerine yönelik değerlendirmeler yapılabileceği söylenebilir.

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