Abrupt treatments of hysteria during World War I, 1914–18

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD (Sandy) Macleod
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Medical Practice

Case reports of the abrupt recovery of hysterical disorders during World War I (1914–18), though undoubtedly subject to publication bias, raise both aetiological and treatment issues regarding pseudo-neurological conversion symptoms. Published clinical anecdotes report circumstantial, psychotherapeutic, hypnotic, persuasive (and coercive) methods seemingly inducing recovery, and also responses to fright and alterations of consciousness. The ethics of modern medical practice would not allow many of these techniques, which were reported to be effective, even in the chronic cases.

scholarly journals Activities of Provincial Medical Inspectors in Western Siberia in the Late XIX - Early XX Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 253-270
Author(s):  
D. V. Andriyanova ◽  
D. Yu. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Work ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
State Archives ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the study of medical practice in Western Siberia of the late XIX - early XX centuries. Attention is paid to the organization of medical practice in the Tobolsk province. The quantitative and official composition of medical personnel is described. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that on the basis of a wide body of diverse material for the first time the experience of the activities and biographies of medical inspectors: N. A. Stroganov, F. K. Zembitsky, V. I. Nikitenko, M. V. Miloslavsky, G. N. Egorov is considered. Their role in the development of medical practice in the Tobolsk province of 1895-1917 is described. It is shown that these inspectors had a high level of education and extensive experience in medical work. It is pointed out that, despite all the efforts and significant success in the development of medical practice, there were objective difficulties in this field of activity, among which there was a shortage of personnel, funding, long distances between settlements, the Russian-Japanese War and World War I, etc. The authors use a representative base of both published sources and unpublished materials from the collections of the State Archives of Tobolsk.

William H. Welch, MD, and the Discovery of Bacillus welchii

2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (10) ◽  
pp. 1193-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan P. Lucey ◽  
Grover M. Hutchins
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Gas Gangrene ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Bacterium Bacillus

Abstract William H. Welch, MD, and his colleagues performed an autopsy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in October 1891 on a 38-year-old man and discovered a new bacterium, Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus. During the postmortem examination, gas bubbles were noted within many of the patient's blood vessels. Welch's laboratory personnel determined that a previously unknown bacterium was the source of the gas. Through a series of experiments, the organism's characteristics were described and its pathophysiology was detailed, findings that proved accurate in explaining gas gangrene during World War I. Welch never followed up these initial investigations with more experimentation. His subsequent writings regarding the bacterium that came to be known, appropriately, as Bacillus welchii consisted mostly of case reports from other medical institutions and summaries of previous data.

J.-B. Charcot; father of French polar research

Polar Record ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (154) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Jean Malaurie
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Scientific Integrity ◽  
World War ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Bellingshausen Sea

AbstractBorn in 1867 and trained as a doctor, Jean-Baptiste Charcot gave up a fashionable medical practice to become, in his mid-thirties, France's leading polar explorer. His two major expeditions to the peninsular sector of Antarctica and the Bellingshausen Sea (1903–05, 1908–10) resulted in many new discoveries of land and established his reputation as a leader in the fields of scientific oceanography, research and survey. After service in World War I he continued polar work with a series of ten summer expeditions to the Arctic (1926–36), in which many young explorers were trained. Lost with his ship Pourquoi Pas? in a storm off Iceland in 1936, Charcot is remembered for qualities of leadership and scientific integrity which inspire the current generation of French polar scientists.

Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy ◽  
N. Rozinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Economic Well Being

The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.

‘Grey Dawn’ in the British Pacific: Race, Security and Colonial Sovereignty on the Eve of World War I

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Tumblin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
World War ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Cooperative Security ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
Racial Discourses ◽  
The Way

This article examines the way a group of colonies on the far reaches of British power – Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and India, dealt with the imperatives of their own security in the early twentieth century. Each of these evolved into Dominion status and then to sovereign statehood (India lastly and most thoroughly) over the first half of the twentieth century, and their sovereignties evolved amidst a number of related and often countervailing problems of self-defence and cooperative security strategy within the British Empire. The article examines how security – the abstracted political goods of military force – worked alongside race in the greater Pacific to build colonial sovereignties before the First World War. Its first section examines the internal-domestic dimension of sovereignty and its need to secure territory through the issue of imperial naval subsidies. A number of colonies paid subsidies to Britain to support the Royal Navy and thus to contribute in financial terms to their strategic defense. These subsidies provoked increasing opposition after the turn of the twentieth century, and the article exlpores why colonial actors of various types thought financial subsidies threatened their sovereignties in important ways. The second section of the article examines the external-diplomatic dimension of sovereignty by looking at the way colonial actors responded to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. I argue that colonial actors deployed security as a logic that allowed them to pursue their own bids for sovereignty and autonomy, leverage racial discourses that shaped state-building projects, and ultimately to attempt to nudge the focus of the British Empire's grand strategy away from Europe and into Asia.

The Anarchist Press in Egypt before World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Education ◽  
World War I ◽  
State Power ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War

This chapter traces the development of the radical secular press in Egypt from its first brief emergence in the 1870s until the outbreak of World War I. First active in the 1860s, the anarchist movement gradually expanded its membership and influence over subsequent decades to articulate a general social emancipation and syndicalism for all workers in the country. In the decade and a half before 1914, its press collectively propagated a critique of state power and capitalism, called for social justice and the organisation of labour, and promoted the values of science and public education in both a local context and as part of an international movement. In seeking to promote a programme at odds with both nationalism and colonial rule, it incurred the hostility of the authorities in addition to facing the practical problems of managing and financing an oppositional newspaper.

Press Propaganda and Subaltern Agents of Pan-Islamic Networks in the Muslim Mediterranean World prior to World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
World War ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The Press ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores movement and circulation across the Mediterranean and seeks to contribute to a history of proto-nationalism in the Maghrib and the Middle East at a particular moment prior to World War I. The discussion is particularly concerned with the interface of two Mediterranean spaces: the Middle East (Egypt, Ottoman Empire) and North Africa (Morocco), where the latter is viewed as a case study where resistance movements sought external allies as a way of compensating for their internal weakness. Applying methods developed by Subaltern Studies, and linking macro-historical approaches, namely of a translocal movement in the Muslim Mediterranean, it explores how the Egypt-based society, al-Ittihad al-Maghribi, through its agent, Aref Taher, used the press as an instrument for political propaganda, promoting its Pan-Islamic programme and its goal of uniting North Africa.

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