The Use of Fertilizer and its Environmental Consequences

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel D. Uri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Relative Factor

The increase in the use of fertilizer in agricultural production has been associated with a substantial increase in agricultural productivity in the United States. This increase in fertilizer use has been driven by a variety of economic forces including variations in the price of output and changing relative factor prices. Associated with the increase in the use of fertilizer have been adverse environmental consequences that are not reflected in the costs and returns of agricultural production. That is, externalities exist whose cost need to be internalized. Because the use of fertilizer has been shown to respond to market forces, it is efficient to use the market to control the use of fertilizer. This can be done through, for example, the use of a fertilizer tax.

Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Burkart ◽  
J.D. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Unconfined Aquifers ◽  
The World

Research from several regions of the world provides spatially anecdotal evidence to hypothesize which hydrologic and agricultural factors contribute to groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Analysis of nationally consistent measurements from the U.S. Geological Survey’s NAWQA program confirms these hypotheses for a substantial range of agricultural systems. Shallow unconfined aquifers are most susceptible to nitrate contamination associated with agricultural systems. Alluvial and other unconsolidated aquifers are the most vulnerable and shallow carbonate aquifers provide a substantial but smaller contamination risk. Where any of these aquifers are overlain by permeable soils the risk of contamination is larger. Irrigated systems can compound this vulnerability by increasing leaching facilitated by additional recharge and additional nutrient applications. The agricultural system of corn, soybeans, and hogs produced significantly larger concentrations of groundwater nitrate than all other agricultural systems, although mean nitrate concentrations in counties with dairy, poultry, cattle and grains, and horticulture systems were similar. If trends in the relation between increased fertilizer use and groundwater nitrate in the United States are repeated in other regions of the world, Asia may experience increasing problems because of recent increases in fertilizer use. Groundwater monitoring in Western and Eastern Europe as well as Russia over the next decade may provide data to determine if the trend in increased nitrate contamination can be reversed. If the concentrated livestock trend in the United States is global, it may be accompanied by increasing nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Concentrated livestock provide both point sources in the confinement area and intense non-point sources as fields close to facilities are used for manure disposal. Regions where irrigated cropland is expanding, such as in Asia, may experience the greatest impact of this practice.

The First Phase of the Empire State’s “Triple Transition”: Banks’ Influence on the Market, Democracy, and Federalism in New York, 1776–1838

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-558
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Market Democracy

The story usually goes something like this: Colonial Americans lived in a world very different from that of the generation that fought the Civil War. Locals wielded the tools of government most of the time; rarely did distant officials attempt control, and when they did they were usually roundly rebuffed. Politicians “stood” for positions of honor rather than “running” for lucrative posts. A man’s surname was a crucial determinant of his socioeconomic well-being. Artisans and yeomen deferred to gentlemen. Barter predominated as little “cash” circulated. Custom and family, not market forces, dictated the allocation of credit. Change of all types occurred slowly. By Martin Van Buren’s presidency some threescore years later, America was a very different place. Though still evolving, the United States exuded modernity, at least in its general outlines. Politicians and bureaucrats in state capitals, and even Washington, increasingly affected Americans’ everyday lives. Party politics and patronage took on increased importance as plutocrats plied for patronage posts. A man’s bank account meant more than his lineage. Gentlemen feared the artisans and yeomen they once easily ruled. Cash was abundant, and the market determined most access to credit. Societal conditions changed apace. Generally speaking, over these decades America is described as becoming less “aristocratic” and “mercantile,” or even “feudal,” and more “democratic” and “capitalist.”

Introduction

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D. Reich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Social Values ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Hospital Practice ◽  
The People

This book explores the contradictions between the mission of hospital care and the market for it. It shows how market forces and market actors have become increasingly important to contemporary hospital practice, and yet the commodification of hospital care in the United States remains uneven and incomplete. While they compete in a competitive marketplace, many hospitals—and the people within them—work to sustain social values that sit in uneasy tension with this market. In order to understand these contradictions, the book examines not only the broad sets of rules and regulations through which the market for hospital care is structured, but also the meanings, practices, and people that make up the hospital itself. The focus is on three hospitals located in Las Lomas, California—PubliCare Hospital, HolyCare Hospital, and GroupCare Hospital—and their ongoing struggle with the contradictory nature of the commodification of hospital care.

“From factory to field”: USAID and the logistics of foreign aid in Soviet-occupied Afghanistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley Attewell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
Agency For International Development

Emerging critical scholarship on logistics has shown how the field is implicated in a broader necropolitics of violence, disposability, and exploitation. While much has been made of logistics’ historical linkages to military and market forces, this paper, in contrast, explores how logisticians have played an increasingly central role in development and humanitarian missions to theatres of conflict and emergency. It focuses on the effort of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to supply mujahideen forces in Soviet-occupied Afghanistan with the non-lethal materiel necessary for their insurgency. It argues that USAID understood its relief and rehabilitation mission as a problem of logistics. By sketching the shifting contours of USAID’s cross-border programming, this article offers a more nuanced diagnosis of how logistics has become essential to the management of life and death across multiple temporalities, spaces, and scales.

scholarly journals Counterfactual comparisons of investment options for wind power and agricultural production in the United States: Lessons from Northern Ohio

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Ribeiro Scarcioffolo ◽  
Fernanda Finotti Cordeiro Perobelli ◽  
Ariaster Baumgratz Chimeli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Ohio

scholarly journals Orderliness in Tourism Enterprise Dynamics in United States Micropolitan Statistical Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6180
Author(s):  
Daan Toerien
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Community Poverty ◽  
Tourism Enterprises ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Micropolitan statistical areas (micropolitans) are important elements in understanding the small-town economic forces operating in the United States. This study focuses on the tourism enterprise dynamics of micropolitans. These dynamics are an oft-neglected element in tourism analyses and reports. Power law (log-log) regression analyses are central to the examination of complex socio-economic systems, and have been used here. Micropolitan tourism enterprises are ubiquitous and there is much non-linear orderliness in the interplay between their demographic and entrepreneurial characteristics. The dynamics of the orderliness result in important differences. For instance, total micropolitan employment increases sub-linearly (more slowly) than increases in tourism enterprise numbers, while tourism employment increases super-linearly (more rapidly). This difference could be important in considerations of micropolitan employment. The relationship of tourism and poverty has often been debated. Here, a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between the number of tourism enterprises and a measure of community prosperity/wealth of the micropolitans. Expansion of the tourism sector apparently reduces community poverty in micropolitans. However, community poverty is also lower in larger micropolitans. Therefore, further analyses are needed to examine the potentially spurious correlation. Overall, future decision-making could be supported by the quantified information about the tourism dynamics of micropolitans.

Trans Pornography

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Pezzutto ◽  
Lynn Comella
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Transgender Studies ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Industry Trends

Abstract This article introduces the field of trans pornography studies and makes a case for why studying it matters. We locate trans pornography within the broader field of porn studies, while also pointing to its importance to transgender studies. We map the history of trans pornography and examine the wider social, political, and economic forces contributing to the transformation of trans porn into a genre of mainstream straight porn. We discuss the economic organization of the trans porn industry and current industry trends, including geographical shifts in production and the rise of alternative production platforms. We address areas of future research and the need for more scholarship on the political economy of the trans porn industry, audiences and consumers, transmasculine representation in pornography, and research that focuses on trans porn production outside the United States.

Another Anti-Trust Tradition: Canadian Anti-Combines Policy, 1889–1910

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bliss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
The Common ◽  
British Experience

Professor Bliss suggests that the Canadian anti-trust tradition was much more similar to the British experience than to the policies adopted in the United States. At no time, he argues, did Canadian legislation significantly expand the common law prohibition of undue or unreasonable restraints of trade, and the few prosecutions after 1900 had no significant effect in inhibiting the thrust of business resistance to market forces.

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