scholarly journals Late-Holocene floodplain development, land-use, and hydroclimate–flood relationships on the lower Ohio River, US

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1856-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Broxton W Bird ◽  
Robert C Barr ◽  
Julie Commerford ◽  
William P Gilhooly ◽  
Jeremy J Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Native American ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Floodplain Development ◽  
Land Clearance

Floodplain development, land-use, and flooding on the lower Ohio River are investigated with a 3100-year-long sediment archive from Avery Lake, a swale lake on the Black Bottom floodplain in southern Illinois, US. In all, 12 radiocarbon dates show that Avery Lake formed at 1130 BCE (3100 cal. yr BP), almost 3000 years later than previously thought, indicating that the Black Bottom floodplain is younger and more dynamic than previously estimated. Three subsequent periods of extensive land clearance were identified by changes in pollen composition, corresponding to Native American occupations before 1500 CE and the current Euro-American occupation beginning in the 18th century. Sedimentation rates prior to 1820 CE changed independently of land clearance events, suggesting natural as opposed to land-use controls. Comparison with high-resolution paleoclimate data from Martin Lake, IN, indicates that lower Ohio River flooding was frequent when cold-season precipitation originating from the Pacific/Arctic predominated when atmospheric circulation resembled positive Pacific North American (PNA) conditions and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was in a positive mean state (1130 BCE to 350 CE and 1150–1820 CE). Conversely, Ohio River flooding was less frequent when warm-season precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico prevailed during negative PDO- and PNA-like mean states (350 and 1150 CE). This flood dynamic appears to have been fundamentally altered after 1820 CE. We suggest that extensive land clearance in the Ohio River watershed increased runoff and landscape erosion by reducing interception, infiltration, and evapotranspiration, thereby increasing flooding despite a shift to negative PDO- and PNA-like mean states. Predicted increases in average precipitation and extreme rainfall events across the mid-continental US are likely to perpetuate current trends toward more frequent flood events, because anthropogenic modifications have made the landscape less resilient to changing hydroclimatic conditions.

ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David P Pompeani ◽  
Byron A Steinman ◽  
Mark B Abbott ◽  
Katherine M Pompeani ◽  
William Reardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Copper Complex ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
Tool Technology ◽  
High Lead ◽  
Old Copper Complex

ABSTRACT The Old Copper Complex (OCC) refers to the production of heavy copper-tool technology by Archaic Native American societies in the Lake Superior region. To better define the timing of the OCC, we evaluated 53 (eight new and 45 published) radiocarbon (14C) dates associated with copper artifacts and mines. We compared these dates to six lake sediment-based chronologies of copper mining and annealing in the Michigan Copper District. 14C dates grouped by archaeological context show that cremation remains, and wood and cordage embedded in copper artifacts have ages that overlap with the timing of high lead (Pb) concentrations in lake sediment. In contrast, dates in stratigraphic association and from mines are younger than those from embedded and cremation materials, suggesting that the former groups reflect the timing of processes that occurred post-abandonment. The comparatively young dates obtained from copper mines therefore likely reflect abandonment and infill of the mines rather than active use. Excluding three anomalously young samples, the ages of embedded organic material associated with 15 OCC copper artifacts range from 8500 to 3580 cal BP, confirming that the OCC is among the oldest known metalworking societies in the world.

scholarly journals Determination of a New Coastal ENSO Oceanic Index for Northern Peru

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Edgard Gonzales ◽  
Eusebio Ingol
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Emergency Operations Center ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
Sequential Generation

In 2017, extreme rainfall events occurred in the northern portion of Peru, causing nearly 100,000 victims, according to the National Emergency Operations Center (COEN). This climatic event was attributed to the occurrence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine and differentiate between the occurrence of canonical ENSO, with a new type of ENSO called “El Niño Costero” (Coastal El Niño). The polynomial equation method was used to analyze the data from the different types of existing ocean indices to determine the occurrence of ENSO. It was observed that the anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) 2.5 °C (January 2016) generated the “Modoki El Niño” and that the anomaly of SST −0.3 °C (January 2017) generated the “Modoki La Niña”; this sequential generation generated El Niño Costero. This new knowledge about the sui generis origin of El Niño Costero, based on the observations of this analysis, will allow us to identify and obtain important information regarding the occurrence of this event. A new oceanic index called the Pacific Regional Equatorial Index (PREI) was proposed to follow the periodic evolution and forecast with greater precision a new catastrophic event related to the occurrence of El Niño Costero and to implement prevention programs.

Composition of native American fruits in the Pacific Northwest

1982 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-572
Author(s):  
Patrick B. Keely ◽  
Charlene S. Martinsen ◽  
Eugene S. Hunn ◽  
Helen H. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The Pacific

scholarly journals Operational tools to help stakeholders to protect and alert municipalities facing uncertainties and changes in karst flash floods

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Borrell Estupina ◽  
F. Raynaud ◽  
N. Bourgeois ◽  
L. Kong-A-Siou ◽  
L. Collet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Graphical Tool

Abstract. Flash floods are often responsible for many deaths and involve many material damages. Regarding Mediterranean karst aquifers, the complexity of connections, between surface and groundwater, as well as weather non-stationarity patterns, increase difficulties in understanding the basins behaviour and thus warning and protecting people. Furthermore, given the recent changes in land use and extreme rainfall events, knowledge of the past floods is no longer sufficient to manage flood risks. Therefore the worst realistic flood that could occur should be considered. Physical and processes-based hydrological models are considered among the best ways to forecast floods under diverse conditions. However, they rarely match with the stakeholders' needs. In fact, the forecasting services, the municipalities, and the civil security have difficulties in running and interpreting data-consuming models in real-time, above all if data are uncertain or non-existent. To face these social and technical difficulties and help stakeholders, this study develops two operational tools derived from these models. These tools aim at planning real-time decisions given little, changing, and uncertain information available, which are: (i) a hydrological graphical tool (abacus) to estimate flood peak discharge from the karst past state and the forecasted but uncertain intense rainfall; (ii) a GIS-based method (MARE) to estimate the potential flooded pathways and areas, accounting for runoff and karst contributions and considering land use changes. Then, outputs of these tools are confronted to past and recent floods and municipalities observations, and the impacts of uncertainties and changes on planning decisions are discussed. The use of these tools on the recent 2014 events demonstrated their reliability and interest for stakeholders. This study was realized on French Mediterranean basins, in close collaboration with the Flood Forecasting Services (SPC Med-Ouest, SCHAPI, municipalities).

scholarly journals Effect of deforestation and subsequent land-use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andrea Osinaga ◽  
Carina Rosa Álvarez ◽  
Miguel Angel Taboada
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Chaco Region ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Abstract. The sub-humid Chaco region of Argentina, originally covered by dry sclerophyll forest, has been subjected to clearing since the end of the '70 and replacement of the forest by no till farming. Land use changes produced a decrease in aboveground carbon stored in forests, but little is known about the impact on soil organic C stocks. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil C stocks and C fractions up to 1 m depth in soils under different land use:  20 yr continuous cropping, warm season grass pasture and native forest in 32 sites distributed over the Chaco region. The organic C stock content up to 1 m depth expressed as equivalent mass varied as follows: forest (119.3 Mg ha−1) > pasture (87.9 Mg ha−1) > continuous cropping (71.9 and 77.3 Mg ha−1), with no impact of the number of years under cropping. The most sensitive organic carbon fraction was the coarse particle fraction (2000 μm–212 μm) at 0–5 cm and 5–20 cm depth layers. Resistant carbon (

scholarly journals Long-term trends of land use and demography in Greece: A comparative study

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Weiberg ◽  
Andrew Bevan ◽  
Katerina Kouli ◽  
Markos Katsianis ◽  
Jessie Woodbridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Impact

This paper offers a comparative study of land use and demographic development in northern and southern Greece from the Neolithic to the Byzantine period. Results from summed probability densities (SPD) of archaeological radiocarbon dates and settlement numbers derived from archaeological site surveys are combined with results from cluster-based analysis of published pollen core assemblages to offer an integrated view of human pressure on the Greek landscape through time. We demonstrate that SPDs offer a useful approach to outline differences between regions and a useful complement to archaeological site surveys, evaluated here especially for the onset of the Neolithic and for the Final Neolithic (FN)/Early Bronze Age (EBA) transition. Pollen analysis highlight differences in vegetation between the two sub-regions, but also several parallel changes. The comparison of land cover dynamics between two sub-regions of Greece further demonstrates the significance of the bioclimatic conditions of core locations and that apparent oppositions between regions may in fact be two sides of the same coin in terms of socio-ecological trajectories. We also assess the balance between anthropogenic and climate-related impacts on vegetation and suggest that climatic variability was as an important factor for vegetation regrowth. Finally, our evidence suggests that the impact of humans on land cover is amplified from the Late Bronze Age (LBA) onwards as more extensive herding and agricultural practices are introduced.

scholarly journals WATERSHED RUNOFFAND RIVER FLOOD MODELING IN LAND USE PLANNING

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Marcello Niedda ◽  
Mauro Greppi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Front Propagation ◽  
Forecast Model ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
River Flooding ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
River Flood ◽  
Water Volumes

In land use planning along river paths it may be useful to consider the statistics of the flooding process of the river. The set of rules regulating land use planning in Italy results in the return period required being very long and, as a result, there are very high river discharge peaks which are taken into consideration and not much possibility of making experimental observations. Correct planning of land use should include some description of river flooding in these critical conditions. To do this a basin scale hydrological model and a robust numerical scheme of the 2D complete SWE have to be integrated. Knowing that experimental validation is very difficult we showed the reliability of the numerical schemes used to get consistent solutions. A watershed runoff forecast model was used to obtain the river hydrograph to apply as a boundary condition in the study of river flood inundation on the flat plain near the Olbia airport (Sardinia, Italy). A threshold of 1 cm was used as a condition to consider whether or not to include the cell in the computational field in the description of the wetting-drying process. And this seems to fit well in the model. The numerical model is conservative, ensuring preservation of water volumes with a precision of 10-4. The great surface water gradient in some sections is evident proof of the importance of the SWE inertial terms in wave front propagation. The flow peak loss during the alluvial plane flooding resulted in a reduction of about 10% of the discharge peak at the river mouth. This numerical method, which has been validated in previous similar applications, describes sufficiently well flooding in a complex area with river morphology limited by airport and road infrastructures.

scholarly journals Correction: Long-term fish assemblages of the Ohio River: Altered trophic and life history strategies with hydrologic alterations and land use modifications

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e0218915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Pyron ◽  
Meryl C. Mims ◽  
Mario M. Minder ◽  
Robert C. Shields ◽  
Nicole Chodkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Life History ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Hydrologic Alterations

Response of the Columbia River Fluvial System to Holocene Climatic Change

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Chatters ◽  
Karin A. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
River System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Columbia River Basin ◽  
Fluvial System ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Floodplain Development

AbstractAn understanding of the response of a fluvial system to past climatic changes is useful for predicting its response to future shifts in temperature and precipitation. To determine the response of the Columbia River system to previous climatic conditions and transitions, a well-dated sequence of floodplain development in the Wells Reservoir region was compared with the paleoenvironmental history of the Columbia River Basin. Results of this comparison indicate that aggradation episodes, occurring approximately 9000-8000, 7000-6500, 4400-3900, and 2400-1800 yr B.P., coincided with climatic transitions that share certain characteristics. The inferred climates associated with aggradation had at least moderate rates of precipitation that occurred mainly in winter coupled with moderate winter temperatures. Such conditions would have resulted in the buildup of snowpacks and a high frequency of rain-on-snow events. The warming and precipitation increases predicted for the Pacific Northwest under most CO2-doubling scenarios are likely to repeat these conditions, which could increase the frequency of severe, sediment-laden floods in the Columbia River Basin.

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