scholarly journals Vaccination to prevent varicella

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 886-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
GS Goldman ◽  
PG King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Control And Prevention

Background: There is increasing evidence that herpes zoster (HZ) incidence rates among children and adults (aged <60 years) with a history of natural varicella are influenced primarily by the frequency of exogenous exposures, while asymptomatic endogenous reactivations help to cap the rate at approximately 550 cases/100,000 person-years when exogenous boosting becomes rare. The Antelope Valley Varicella Active Surveillance Project was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1995 to monitor the effects of varicella vaccination in one of the three representative regions of the United States. The stability in the data collection and number of reporting sites under varicella surveillance from 1995–2002 and HZ surveillance during 2000–2001 and 2006–2007 contributed to the robustness of the discerned trends. Discussion: Varicella vaccination may be useful for leukemic children; however, the target population in the United States is all children. Since the varicella vaccine inoculates its recipients with live, attenuated varicella–zoster virus (VZV), clinical varicella cases have dramatically declined. Declining exogenous exposures (boosts) from children shedding natural VZV have caused waning cell-mediated immunity. Thus, the protection provided by varicella vaccination is neither lifelong nor complete. Moreover, dramatic increases in the incidence of adult shingles cases have been observed since HZ was added to the surveillance in 2000. In 2013, this topic is still debated and remains controversial in the United States. Summary: When the costs of the booster dose for varicella and the increased shingles recurrences are included, the universal varicella vaccination program is neither effective nor cost-effective.

scholarly journals The Case against Universal Varicella Vaccination

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Benefit Analysis

In 1995, the United States became the first country to implement a Universal Varicella Vaccination Program. Several questions remain: Is the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine needed? Is it cost effective as a routine immunization for all susceptible children? Or is it more beneficial for the disease to remain endemic so that adults may receive periodic exogenous exposures (boosts) that help suppress the reactivation of herpes zoster (shingles). In addition, as vaccination coverage becomes widespread, does loss of immunologic boosting cause a decline in vaccine efficacy and result in a reduced period of immunity? Scientific literature regarding safety of the varicella vaccine and its associated cost-benefit analysis have often reported optimistic evaluations based on ideal assumptions. Deleterious outcomes and their associated costs must be included when making a circumspect assessment of the Universal Varicella Vaccination Program.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal analysis of influenza-like illness and prediction of incidence in high-risk regions, in the United States from 2011 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijuan Song ◽  
Xiaocan Jia ◽  
Junzhe Bao ◽  
Yongli Yang ◽  
Huili Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Temporal Cluster ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

Abstract Introduction: About 8% of Americans get influenza during an average season from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States. It is necessary to strengthen the early warning of influenza and the prediction of public health. Methods In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of Influenza-like Illness (ILI) by Geographic Information System and SARIMA model, respectively. Spatio-temporal cluster analysis detected 23 clusters of ILI during the study period. Results The highest incidence of ILI was mainly concentrated in the states of Louisiana, District of Columbia and Virginia. The Local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed the High-High cluster was mainly located in Louisiana and Mississippi. This means that if the influenza incidence is high in Louisiana and Mississippi, the neighboring states will also have higher influenza incidence rates. The regression model SARIMA(1, 0, 0)(1, 1, 0)52 with statistical significance was obtained to forecast the ILI incidence of Mississippi. Conclusions The study showed, the ILI incidence will begin to increase in the 45th week 2020 and peak in the 6th week 2021. To conclude, notable epidemiological differences were observed across states, indicating that some states should pay more attention to prevent and control respiratory infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Advances in Epidemiological Studies of Herpes Zoster

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Vaccination History ◽  
History Of

AbstractHerpes zoster (HZ) is a varicella zoster virus (VZV) that attacks locality of nerves and skin, resulting information of clusters of blisters on the skin connected unilateral facial nerve and accompanying apparent nerve pain. Incidence ranges from 3.2 to 4.2 per 1000 populations per year in the United States. Influence factors of HZ include age, infection history with VZV, vaccination history of varicella vaccine, reduced immunocompetence, and other diseases. Current domestic studies on HZ mainly focus on clinical reports of case treatment. This study reviews advances in foreign epidemiological studies of HZ.

scholarly journals Ramsay Hunt Syndrome developed following varicella vaccination: A pediatric case

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Han Elmas ◽  
Caner Alparslan ◽  
Serdar Sarıtaş ◽  
Fatma Mutlubaş Özhan ◽  
Belde Kasap Demir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pediatric Case ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome ◽  
Hunt Syndrome

Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) was first described by J.Ramsay Hunt in 1907. Ramsay Hunt Syndrome also known as Herpes Zoster Oticus consists of facial paralysis accompained by the presence of erythematous vesicles on ear and/or oral mucosa and otalgia. This syndrome is most common in adults and older children and very rare in young children. Affected children display mild symptoms than adults. Following the primary infection, Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) becomes latent in the cells of the sensory ganglia and a reactivation associated with supressed cell-mediated immunity may occur after a period of time, resulting in RHS. Although subfebrile fever and chickenpox-like rash can happen from Varicella vaccine, the risk of RHS is extremely rare after immunization. It has been reported that the microorganism introduced into the body by means of live attenuated varicella vaccine becomes activated and causes varicella especially in immunocompromised patients. Following receipt of varicella vaccine, RHS has also been reported to occur rarely. We, herein, report the case of 13-month-old female patient with infantile nephrotic syndrome that who developed RHS after her immunization with vaccine in combination with varicella other live vaccines.

scholarly journals 338. Analysis of Etiologies of Aseptic Meningitis within a Nation-Wide Hospital Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S239-S239
Author(s):  
Arunmozhi S Aravagiri ◽  
Scott Kubomoto ◽  
Ayutyanont Napatkamon ◽  
Sarah Wilson ◽  
Sudhakar Mallela
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
The Us

Abstract Background Aseptic meningitis can be caused by an array of microorganisms, both bacterial and non-bacterial, as well as non-infectious conditions. Some etiologies of aseptic meningitis require treatment with antibiotics, antiviral, antifungals, anti-parasitic agents, immunosuppressants, and or chemotherapy. There are limited diagnostic tools for diagnosing certain types of aseptic meningitis, therefore knowing the differential causes of aseptic meningitis, and their relative percentages may assist in diagnosis. Review of the literature reveals that there are no recent studies of etiologies of aseptic meningitis in the United States (US). This is an epidemiologic study to delineate etiologies of aseptic meningitis in a large database of 185 HCA hospitals across the US. Methods Data was collected from January 2016 to December 2019 on all patients diagnosed with meningitis. CSF PCR studies, and CSF antibody tests were then selected for inclusion. Results Total number of encounters were 3,149 hospitalizations. Total number of individual labs analyzed was 10,613, and of these 262 etiologies were identified. 23.6% (62) of cases were due to enterovirus, 18.7% (49) due to HSV-2, 14.5% (38) due to West Nile virus, 13.7% (36) due to Varicella zoster (VZV), 10.5% (27) due to Cryptococcus. Additionally, we analyzed the rate of positive test results by region. Nationally, 9.7% of tests ordered for enterovirus were positive. In contrast, 0.5% of tests ordered for HSV 1 were positive. The southeastern United States had the highest rate of positive tests for HSV 2 (7% of tests ordered for HSV 2 were positive). The central United States had the highest rate of positive test for West Nile virus (11% of tests ordered for West Nile were positive). The northeastern region and the highest rate of positive tests for varicella zoster (18%). Table 1: Percentage of positive CSF tests (positive tests/tests ordered) Table 2: Lists the number of HIV patients and transplant patients that had positive CSF PCR/serologies Figure 1: Percentage of positive CSF tests in each region Conclusion Approximately 40% of aseptic meningitis population had treatable etiologies. A third of the Cryptococcus meningitis population had HIV. Furthermore, enteroviruses had the majority of cases within the US, which are similar to studies done in other parts of the world. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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