A Study Of Attitude And Perceptions Of Pharmaceutical Value Chain Members Towards Consumer Promotions

Paradigm ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Shweta Srivastava ◽  
Anand Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Sales Promotion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Promotion Strategies ◽  
Sales Staff

This study is an attempt to analyze the attitude of pharmaceutical value chain members towards sales promotion schemes. The researchers have studied the factors that managers/sales staff believe are important for the company to offer trade/consumer promotions. It has been observed that consumer promotions are focused on long term as well as short term goals. The study also revealed that there is a close relationship between sales promotion and the structural variables of the company. So it is recommended that companies should critically analyze its structural variables before formulating and implementing its sales promotion strategies. Collected data have been analyzed to extract as much as the underlying factors.

Entrainment and Embodiment in Musical Performance

2018 ◽  
pp. 176-192
Author(s):  
Eugene Montague
Keyword(s):  
Musical Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bodily Movement ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Musical Embodiment

This chapter introduces three distinct concepts of entrainment and relates them to the topic of musical embodiment. Drawing on work in music and other disciplines, the chapter discusses the relationships between “long-term,” “short-term,” and “physical” entrainment. Given the close relationship between entrainment and bodily movement, it is argued that each of these concepts implies a particular type of musical body. These types are discussed and compared, and their salient differences identified. The chapter closes with a brief exploration of these three types of entrainment and their related musical bodies, as they can be seen and heard in the course of playing J. S. Bach’s Prelude in C minor, BWV 847.

scholarly journals Global Value Chain Resilience: Understanding the Impact of Managerial Governance Adaptations

2022 ◽  
pp. 000812562110666
Author(s):  
Liena Kano ◽  
Rajneesh Narula ◽  
Irina Surdu
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Initial Shock ◽  
Lead Firm ◽  
The Impact

While COVID-19 has caused significant short-term disruptions in global value chains (GVCs), in the longer run, the pandemic will not be the primary catalyst in GVC evolution. As GVCs recover from the initial shock, managers will make GVC restructuring decisions guided by long-term strategic considerations. This article describes barriers that lead firm managers may encounter when rethinking location/control decisions for value chain activities and suggests that, in addition to structural changes, managerial governance adaptations are instrumental in enhancing GVCs’ long-term resilience. Lessons learned from responding to the pandemic can help managers enhance GVC efficiency in the increasingly uncertain global environment.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of the Excess Pore Pressure Field Surrounding an Advancing Spudcan Footing

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Tao Yi ◽  
Yu Ping Li ◽  
Yi Wei Li ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Yong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Excess Pore Pressure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Pressure Concentration ◽  
Excess Pore Pressures ◽  
Excess Pore

The rapid jack-in process of spudcan footing tends to generate substantial build-up of excess pore pressure below the spudcan underside. An intimate knowledge of the excess pore pressure concentration is thus of significance for understanding both the short-term and long-term mechanical behavior of spudcan. As yet there is a dearth of information in this area. This paper presents a comprehensive research to explore the pattern and magnitude of the excess pore pressure field surrounding an advancing spudcan. Both centrifuge experiments and effective-stress large deformation finite element analyses (LDFEAs) were involved, while the former served mainly to benchmark the latter and the latter provided a complete information database of the excess pore pressure. The bulb-shaped excess pore pressure concentration zone was identified below the spudcan underside. Sizes of pressure bulbs as well as the magnitudes of excess pore pressures inside them bore close relationship to the penetration depths and soil's properties. The results of parametric study led to the development of a simple yet useful approach to estimate the spudcan-penetration-induced excess pore pressure in soil without carrying out the complicated computation. Necessary charts and tables were provided to facilitate its usage. It is expected that the development of such an approach can aid the practicing engineer to obtain a quick and rough estimate of excess pore pressure generated in the midst of the jack-up spudcan penetration and prepare for its short-term and long-term implications.

scholarly journals Continuous measurement of heart rate as an indicator of the energy expenditure of sheep

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

1. The relationship between the heart rate and the energy expenditure of four sheep, S6, S7, S8 and S1, was studies under conditions known to increase energy metabolism.2. A close relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure was shown to exist in three of the four sheep tested when energy expenditure was increased by cold exposure and by increased levels of food intake.3. The source and magnitude of the errors associated with this relationship were studied by analysis of the variation occurring in the O2 pulse (ml O2/heart beat) of the sheep in response to factors other than those directly related to changes in heart rate. In two sheep, S8 and S6, variations in O2 pulse were random. The errors associated with the estimation, from heart rate measurements, of the energy expenditure of these sheep were ±6.8% and ±8.1% respectively. In the other two sheep, S7 and S1, O2 pulse tended to vary significantly during the experiments, in a way that was not directly related to changes in heart rate. The errors of the relationship in these sheep were ±8.6% and ±13.8% respectively.4. Indirect evidence was obtained to suggest that continuous measurements of heart rate continued to reflect with reasonable accuracy the energy expenditure of the three sheep, S6, S7 and S8 when they were standing and lying and when they were eating.5. Direct measurements were made of the O2 consumption and heart rate of sheep S7 and S1 during the act of eating. The energy expenditure of sheep S7 estimated from its O2 consumption was close to that estimated from measurements of its heart rate. Large errors were noted between these two estimates in sheep S1.6. It was concluded that sheep S8 and S6 would be suitable for long-term experiments designed to predict energy expenditure from heart rate measurements made in the field. Sheep S7 was considered to be of limited value for short-term experiments. Sheep S1 was considered to be unsuitable.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

Abstract #283 Diabetes Increases Short-Term but not Long-Term Risk of Fracture: A Community-Based Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Alyssa Dufour ◽  
Setareh Williams ◽  
Richard Weiss ◽  
Elizabeth Samelson
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Risk Of Fracture
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