scholarly journals THE ACTION OF FORMALDEHYDE ON RAT BRAIN LIPIDS

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. DEIERKAUF ◽  
F. J. M. HESLINGA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Formaldehyde Solution ◽  
Brain Lipid ◽  
Brain Lipids ◽  
Marked Diminution

The influence of formaldehyde on rat brain lipid was investigated by comparing the analysis of lipids from fresh rat brain with the analysis from rat brains fixed for 110 days in a formaldehyde solution. A quantitative analysis of the lipids using column and paper chromatography is described. Sphingomyclin, cerebrosides and sulphatides were not attacked. Only a slight diminution of phosphatidylserine was indicated. Phosphoinositides remain fairly constant. Of lecithin about 25% was converted to lyso-lecithin. The phosphatidylethanolamine and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine fractions suffered a marked diminution and the reaction with formaldehyde was noticeable in a change of chromatographic behaviour. The fraction containing cholesterol, cholesterol esters, glycerides, and fatty acids increased, the increase being correlated with the decrease of other fractions by the formation of lyso compounds. After storing tissues for months in formaldehyde solutions a reliable analysis of the lipid content is still possible.

scholarly journals COMPOSITION AND SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS IN RESTING AND PHAGOCYTIZING LEUKOCYTES

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Elsbach
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Metabolic Stimulation ◽  
Specific Synthesis

The lipid content of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, obtained from peritoneal exudates, constituted 8.7 ± 2.9 per cent of the dry weight of these cells; 60 per cent of all lipids were phospholipids, 20 per cent triglycerides, and the remainder cholesterol and cholesterol esters and a small amount of non-esterified fatty acids (2 to 4 per cent). The composition of the fatty acids in leukocytes, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, was slightly different from rabbit serum and red blood cells, but markedly different from the dietary fat. The synthesis, turnover, and composition of lipids in rabbit leukocytes at rest and during phagocytosis in vitro were compared. Lipid content and composition were not affected by the phagocytic process. However, active phagocytosis resulted in an increase in the rate of turnover of lipids. This stimulation of lipid metabolism was more marked in triglycerides and cholesterol esters than in phospholipids. It is suggested that the increased turnover of lipid during phagocytosis may reflect a general metabolic stimulation accompanying this process, rather than a specific synthesis of phospholipid for the production of new cell membrane.

scholarly journals Morphologies and Structure of Brain Lipid Membrane Dispersions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viveka Alfredsson ◽  
Pierandrea Lo Nostro ◽  
Barry Ninham ◽  
Tommy Nylander
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Lamellar Phase ◽  
Brain Lipid ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Brain Lipids ◽  
Multilamellar Vesicles

This study aims to explore the variety of previously unknown morphologies that brain lipids form in aqueous solutions. We study how these structures are dependent on cholesterol content, salt solution composition, and temperature. For this purpose, dispersions of porcine sphingomyelin with varying amounts of cholesterol as well as dispersions of porcine brain lipid extracts were investigated. We used cryo-TEM to investigate the dispersions at high-salt solution content together with small-angle (SAXD) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for dispersions in the corresponding salt solution at high lipid content. Sphingomyelin forms multilamellar vesicles in large excess of aqueous salt solution. These vesicles appear as double rippled bilayers in the images and as split Bragg peaks in SAXD together with a very distinct lamellar phase pattern. These features disappear with increasing temperature, and addition of cholesterol as the WAXD data shows that the peak corresponding to the chain crystallinity disappears. The dispersions of sphingomyelin at high cholesterol content form large vesicular type of structures with smooth bilayers. The repeat distance of the lamellar phase depends on temperature, salt solution composition, and slightly with cholesterol content. The brain lipid extracts form large multilamellar vesicles often attached to assemblies of higher electron density. We think that this is probably an example of supra self-assembly with a multiple-layered vesicle surrounding an interior cubic microphase. This is challenging to resolve. DSC shows the presence of different kinds of water bound to the lipid aggregates as a function of the lipid content. Comparison with the effect of lithium, sodium, and calcium salts on the structural parameters of the sphingomyelin and the morphologies of brain lipid extract morphologies demonstrate that lithium has remarkable effects also at low content.

scholarly journals Lipogenesis in the brain of suckling rats. Studies on the mechanism of mitochondrial-cytosolic carbon transfer

1980 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun B. Patel ◽  
John B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Brain Lipid ◽  
Atp Citrate Lyase ◽  
Brain Lipids ◽  
Citrate Lyase ◽  
Carbon Transfer ◽  
The Brain

1. Studies on the incorporation of [3-14C]pyruvate and d-3-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate into the brain lipid fraction by brain homogenates of the suckling (7-day-old) rat have been carried out. 2. Whereas approximately twice as much CO2 was evolved from pyruvate compared with 3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism, similar amounts of the radioactivity of these two precursors were incorporated into the lipid fraction. Furthermore, in both cases the incorporation into lipid was almost tripled when glucose (10mm) or NADPH (2.5mm) was added to the incubation media. 3. If 5mm-(—)-hydroxycitrate, an ATP–citrate lyase inhibitor, was added to the incubation the incorporation of carbon from pyruvate was inhibited to 39% of the control and from 3-hydroxybutyrate to 73% of the control, whereas CO2 production from both precursors was not affected. 4. The incorporation from pyruvate or 3-hydroxybutyrate into lipids was not affected by the presence of 10mm-glutamate in the medium (to encourage N-acetylaspartate production). However, incorporation from pyruvate was inhibited by 21% in the presence of 5mm-amino-oxyacetate (a transaminase inhibitor) and by 83% in the presence of both hydroxycitrate (5mm) and amino-oxyacetate. 5. Incorporation from 3-hydroxybutyrate into brain lipids was inhibited by 20% by amino-oxyacetate alone, but by 55% in the presence of both hydroxycitrate and amino-oxyacetate. 6. It is concluded that the mechanism of carbon transfer from pyruvate into lipids across the mitochondrial membrane in the suckling rat brain is mainly via citrate and N-acetylaspartate. 3-Hydroxybutyrate, in addition to using these routes, may also be incorporated via acetoacetate formation and transport to the cytosol.

scholarly journals Lipid membranes from naked mole-rat brain lipids are cholesterol-rich, highly phase-separated, and sensitive to amyloid-induced damage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL FRANKEL ◽  
Ewan St John Smith ◽  
Kenneth Rankin ◽  
Nicolas Cenac ◽  
Matthew Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Phase Behaviour ◽  
Brain Lipid ◽  
Brain Lipids ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Naked Mole Rat ◽  
High Concentrations

Naked mole-rats are extraordinarily long-lived rodents that do not develop age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Remarkably, they do not accumulate amyloid plaques, even though their brains contain high concentrations of amyloid beta peptide, even from a young age Therefore, these animals offer an opportunity to investigate mechanisms of resistance against the neurotoxicity of amyloid beta aggregation. Working in this direction, here we examine the composition, phase behaviour, and amyloid beta interactions of naked mole-rat brain lipids. Relative to mouse, naked mole-rat brain lipids are rich in cholesterol and contain sphingomyelin in lower amounts and of shorter chain lengths. Proteins associated with metabolism of ceramides, sphingomyelin and ceramide receptor activity were also found to be decreased in naked mole-rat brain lysates. Correspondingly, we find that naked mole-rat brain lipid membranes exhibit a high degree of phase separation, with the liquid ordered phase occupying up to 80% of the supported lipid bilayer. These observations are consistent with the membrane pacemaker hypothesis of ageing, according to which long-living species have lipid membranes particularly resistant to oxidative damage. However, we found that exposure to amyloid beta disrupts the naked mole-rat brain lipid membranes while those formed from mouse brain lipids exhibit small, well-defined footprints, whereby the amyloid beta penetrates deeply into the lipid membranes. These results suggest that in naked mole-rats the lipid composition of cell membranes may offer neuroprotection through resistance to oxidative processes rather than through mechanical effects.

scholarly journals Formation of Monoenoic Fatty Acids by Desaturation in Rat Brain Homogenate

1973 ◽  
Vol 248 (5) ◽  
pp. 1786-1792
Author(s):  
Harold W. Cook ◽  
Matthew W. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Brain Homogenate

scholarly journals Exploitation of HPLC Analytical Method for Simultaneous Determination of Six Principal Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Oviductus Ranae Based on Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single-Marker (QAMS)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Shihan Wang ◽  
Yuanshuai Gan ◽  
Hong Kan ◽  
Xinxin Mao ◽  
Yongsheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
External Standard Method ◽  
Single Marker ◽  
Oviductus Ranae

As one of the featured products in northeast China, Oviductus Ranae has been widely used as a nutritious food, which contains a variety of bioactive unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). It is necessary to establish a scientific and reliable determination method of UFA contents in Oviductus Ranae. In this work, six principal UFAs in Oviductus Ranae, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA), were identified using UPLC-MS/MS. The UFAs identified in Oviductus Ranae were further separated based on the optimized RP-HPLC conditions. Quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method was implemented in content determination of EPA, ALA, DHA, ARA and OA, where LA was used as the internal standard. The experiments based on Taguchi design verified the robustness of the QAMS method on different HPLC instruments and chromatographic columns. The QAMS and external standard method (ESM) were used to calculate the UFA content of 15 batches of Oviductus Ranae samples from different regions. The relative error (r < 0.73%) and cosine coefficient showed that the two methods obtained similar contents, and the method validations met the requirements. The results showed that QAMS can comprehensively and effectively control the quality of UFAs in Oviductus Ranae which provides new ideas and solutions for studying the active components in Oviductus Ranae.

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