Coherence in law: A way to stimulate the transition towards a circular economy? A critical analysis of the European Commission's aspiration to achieve full coherence between chemicals legislation and waste legislation – and product legislation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1023263X2110486
Author(s):  
Ida Mae de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Eu

This article examines the (lack of) coherence between the legislative fields that govern the life cycle of materials and products and thus are relevant to the transition towards a circular economy in the EU: EU chemicals, product and waste legislation. After examining the notion of coherence in law, it provides insight into the role of coherence in EU chemicals, product and waste legislation in light of the transition towards a circular economy. The article examines the (possible) issues that exist at the interface between these three legislative fields by reviewing literature and EU policy documents and looks into the relation between these issues and the (lack of) coherence between EU chemicals, product and waste legislation. It is argued that, when looked at in light of the transition towards a circular economy, several issues might be related to a lack of coherence. Nonetheless, the aspiration to achieve full coherence should be looked at critically.

scholarly journals Circular Agreements—Exploring the Role of Agreements and Deals as a Political Tool for a Circular Economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
The Eu

AbstractA problem for a circular economy, embedded in its policies, tools, technologies and models, is that it is driven by the interests and needs of producers, rather than customers and users. This opinion paper focuses on an alternative form of governance—agreements, which thanks to their bargaining approach brings actors from across the value chain into the policy process. The purpose of this opinion paper is to uncover and analyse the potential of such agreements for a circular economy. Circular agreements aim at increasing the circulation of materials and are an emerging form of political governance within the EU. These agreements have different names, involve different actors and govern in different ways. However, circular agreements seem to work when other types of regulations fail to establish circulation. These agreements bring actors together and offer a platform for negotiating how advantages and disadvantages can be redistributed between actors in a way that is more suitable for a circular economy. However, circular agreements are dependent on other policy instruments to work and can generate a free-rider problem with uninvolved actors. The agreements may also become too detailed and long term, which leads to problem shifting and lock-ins, respectively.

scholarly journals Role of two metacaspases in development and pathogenicity of the Rice Blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie Fernandez ◽  
Victor Lopez ◽  
Lisa Kinch ◽  
Mariel A. Pfeifer ◽  
Hillery Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTRice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of cultivated rice worldwide. Infections by this fungus lead to a significant reduction in rice yields and threats to food security. To gain better insight into growth and cell death in M. oryzae during infection, we characterized two predicted M. oryzae metacaspase proteins, MoMca1 and MoMca2. These proteins appear to be functionally redundant and are able to complement the yeast Yca1 homologue. Biochemical analysis revealed that M. oryzae metacaspases exhibited Ca2+ dependent caspase activity in vitro. Deletion of both MoMca1 and MoMca2 in M. oryzae resulted in reduced sporulation, delay in conidial germination and attenuation of disease severity. In addition, the double ΔMomca1mca2 mutant strain showed increased radial growth in the presence of oxidative stress. Interestingly, the ΔMomca1mca2 strain showed an increase accumulation of insoluble aggregates compared to the wild-type strain during vegetative growth. Our findings suggest that MoMca1 and MoMca2 promote the clearance of insoluble aggregates in M. oryzae, demonstrating the important role these metacaspases have in fungal protein homeostasis. Furthermore, these metacaspase proteins may play additional roles, like in regulating stress responses, that would help maintain the fitness of fungal cells required for host infection.IMPORTANCEMagnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease that threatens global food security by resulting in the severe loss of rice production every year. A tightly regulated life cycle allows M. oryzae to disarm the host plant immune system during its biotrophic stage before triggering plant cell death in its necrotrophic stage. The ways M. oryzae navigates its complex life cycle remains unclear. This work characterizes two metacaspase proteins with peptidase activity in M. oryzae that are shown to be involved in the regulation of fungal growth and development prior to infection by potentially helping maintain fungal fitness. This study provides new insight into the role of metacaspase proteins in filamentous fungi by illustrating the delays in M. oryzae morphogenesis in the absence of these proteins. Understanding the mechanisms by which M. oryzae morphology and development promote its devastating pathogenicity may lead to the emergence of proper methods for disease control.

Comitology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Craig
Keyword(s):  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
The Eu

The discussion thus far has focused on centralized and shared administration as ways in which EU policy is delivered. This chapter focuses on Comitology and the making of secondary norms, which normally take the form of rules. This cuts across the previous analysis, in the sense that rulemaking is a feature of both direct and shared administration. The structure of the discussion is as follows. It begins with analysis of the problem presented by rulemaking, and the necessity for any polity, including the EU, to administer an area through secondary norms of a legislative nature. This is followed by an historical overview of rulemaking in the EU and the role of Comitology therein. The focus then shifts to detailed evaluation of the approach to rulemaking in the Lisbon Treaty.

scholarly journals The Right to Life Under the EU Charter and Cooperation with Third States to Combat Human Smuggling

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-458
Author(s):  
Vladislava Stoyanova
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Human Smuggling ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

AbstractAccording to EU policy documents, “[s]aving lives of people in distress is a primary goal of EU action in relation to managing the EU external borders.” The EU preferred strategy to achieve this objective is to take measures against human smuggling—including the establishment of cooperation with third countries—ostensibly so that migrants are contained and their irregular movement is prevented. This Article examines whether this strategy complies with the positive obligations corresponding to the right to life as enshrined in Article 2 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. After considering any formal obstacles that might prevent the activation of the Charter, this Article clarifies the factors that determine the scope of these positive obligations. Procedural and substantive obligations are then distinguished. The procedural positive obligation demands that the EU and its Member States (MS) consider alternatives to the measures of containment. Due to difficulties in assessing the reasonableness of such alternatives, the EU and the MS are also under the positive obligation to initiate studies that can provide reliable evidence that alternative measures—such as the possibility of issuing humanitarian visas—would be too burdensome. As to the substantive positive obligation corresponding to the right to life, this Article will argue that the EU and the MS need to be attentive about the cumulative outcome of their migration policies. The more successful they are in their indiscriminate containment policies—and the more unlikely any protection possibilities in the region of containment—the more likely it is that the positive obligation to protect life will remain unfulfilled.

The rights of people with disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Charles O’Mahony ◽  
Shivaun Quinlivan
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The Eu

This chapter assesses the role of the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD) in driving law and policy reform globally relating to the rights of people with disabilities. By ratifying the CRPD states promise to adopt proactive equality norms and provide positive supports for persons with disabilities. They are also required to involve people with disabilities in the enforcement and implementation of the CRPD. It is thus a valuable tool for those advocating for the realisation of the rights of persons with disabilities that they be treated on an equal basis with others and fully included in society. The potential of the CRPD as a tool for social policy reforms is illustrated with reference to its use to impact EU policy to accelerate the de-institutionalisation and de-segregation of persons with disabilities across the EU.

Better Use of Science for Better EU Regulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Schrefler ◽  
Jacques Pelkmans
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Major Task ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Eu

Risk regulation is a major task of the EU. In this context, scientific knowledge and advice is critical to the preparation, formulation, legislation and later revision of EU risk regulation. However and with some notable exceptions (e.g. some EU Agencies, DG SANCO), there seems to be no systematic view, let alone, organisation for the ‘use of science’ for EU policy–making. It is in this light that the new function of Chief Scientific Advisor (CSA) to the President of the European Commission can best be appreciated. The authors first sketch how ‘science’ is used in the EU regulatory regime and what is or has become problematic about it. Subsequently, an informal SWOT analysis of the ‘use of science’ for EU policy is conducted. The contribution ends with an attempt to evaluate the CSA's accomplishments to date and how it can contribute to improving EU regulation. This is followed by a few recommendations on how the role of the CSA could be strengthened in the near future.

scholarly journals The role of secondary use of building materials in the circular economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-B) ◽  
pp. 271-277
Author(s):  
Kemran Abdullaevich Magomedov ◽  
Alexandra Andreevna Gundareva ◽  
Vladislav Alekseevich Komarov ◽  
Shamil Zabitovich Abukov
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
Resource Shortage ◽  
The Eu

The article considers the role of secondary use of building materials in the circular economy. The paper considers the method of cascading use of wood, used in the practice of European specialists, which allows to increase the period of use of building materials. The author concludes that nowadays the problems of resource shortage and rapid climate change are encouraging society to move towards more sustainable solutions for the construction sector. Wood, as a widely available and naturally grown material, is of particular importance for achieving the environmental goals set by the EU and national authorities. The use of wood in construction has increased in recent decades. However, the use of a secondary method of wood processing in the circular economy is rarely used in practice, although the economic effect of this process is quite high.

19. Policy-Making in a Time of Crisis Trends and Challenges

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Pollack ◽  
Helen Wallace ◽  
Alasdair R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines trends and challenges in European Union policy-making during times of crisis. It first considers the main trends in EU policy-making that emerge from policy case studies, including experimentation with new modes of policy-making, often in conjunction with more established modes, leading to hybridization; renegotiation of the role of the member states (and their domestic institutions) in the EU policy process; and erosion of traditional boundaries between internal and external policies. The chapter proceeds by discussing the issue of national governance as well as the interaction between European and global governance. Finally, it explores how the EU has responded to the challenges of coping with enlargement from fifteen to twenty-eight member states, digesting the reforms adopted following the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon, and responding to the economic dislocation associated with the global financial crisis.

The European Union and Law of the Sea Convention at the Age of 30

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronán Long
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Several factors that have contributed to the success of the Law of the Sea Convention as a blueprint for the regulation of oceanic activities in the European Union (EU) are outlined, including the comprehensive nature of the Convention, the role of the Working Party on the Law of the Sea (COMAR) in coordinating EU policy, as well as the EU approach to dispute settlement and to global oceanic affairs.

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