The Salience and Pertinence of Ethics: When Journalists do and Don't Think for themselves

1996 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Allen White
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Journalism Ethics ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Ethical Orientations ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Affective Relations

An experiment applied Carter's Paradigm of Affective Relations and Kelman's Functional Theory to journalism ethics. Two ways of making ethical decisions were studied. One way, the use of internalized ethical orientations, was found to be a highly salient way of resolving ethical dilemmas, one that would lead to consistent ethical decision making across situations. The second way, following ethical guides, was found to be a less salient way of ethical decision making. Following ethical guides, however, was found to be pertinent to ethical situations if the guides and situations shared attributes.

Ethical Decision-Making for Yoga Teachers and Yoga Therapists

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Stephen Parker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Real Case ◽  
Yoga Therapy ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Life Decision

Any therapeutic profession, including Yoga therapy, must establish a systematic way to make ethical decisions. This article proposes a model of ethical decision-making drawn from psychotherapy, a field that—like Yoga therapy— recognizes relationship as a healing instrument. The model proposed is based on an easily remembered mnemonic that is both practical and easily internalized for real-life decision-making. A real case study using this method is presented and discussed, and hypothetical ethical dilemmas in Yoga therapy are offered for further consideration.

scholarly journals Accountant’s Ethical Orientations Under Ethical Decision Making Literatures Review Of Accounting’s Aspect From 1995 To 2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Suryadi Winata ◽  
Limajatini Limajatini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Ethical Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Orientations ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Ethical Education

The objective of this study is to invent ethical judgments of Accountants from 1996 - 2013. The research’s used O’Fallon and Butterfield, 2005 about empirical ethical orientations from 1994 to 2004, and Craft review 2013 also from 2005 to 2012. Research method used in this study is the literatures base on the reviews of empirical ethical decision making. Code of ethics and ethical education affect the ethical orientations of accountants in practice, and empowered idealism Dan relativism (ethical philosophy). The implementations  of an ethical climate in business step by step would strengthen ethical decisions made by accountants in practice.

scholarly journals Responsible Leadership in Sport: An Ethical Dilemma

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Kathleen Rodenburg ◽  
Louise Hayes ◽  
Lianne Foti ◽  
Ann Pegoraro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Responsible Leadership ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sport Industry ◽  
A Current

Sports, apart from providing entertainment, can provide an escape from everyday troubles, a community to belong to, and an opportunity to connect to the wider world. As such, sports have contributed to the unification of people, the development of peace and tolerance, and the empowerment of women and young people globally. However, sports’ widespread popularity has also contributed to “big money” opportunities for sports organizations, sporting venues, athletes, and sponsors that have created an environment riddled with ethical dilemmas that make headlines, resulting in protests and violence, and often leave society more divided. A current ethical dilemma faced by agents associated with the Olympic games serves to demonstrate the magnitude and challenges related to resolving ethical dilemmas in the sport industry. A decision-making framework is applied to this current sport’s ethical dilemma, as an example of how better ethical decision making might be achieved.

scholarly journals Distributing ethics: Filtering images of death at three news photo desks

Journalism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146488492199630
Author(s):  
Jenni Mäenpää
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Journalism Ethics ◽  
News Magazine ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Visual Coverage

This article explores the practices of selecting news images that depict death at a global picture agency, national picture agency and a news magazine. The study is based on ethnographic observations and interviews ( N = 30) from three Western-based news organisations, each representing a link in the complex international news-image circulation process. Further, the organisations form an example of a chain of filters through which most of the news images produced for the global market have to pass before publication. These filters are scrutinised by the empirical case studies that examine the professionals’ ethical reasoning regarding images of violence and death. This research contributes to an understanding of the differences and similarities between media organisations as filters and sheds light on their role in shaping visual coverage. This study concludes that photojournalism professionals’ ethical decision-making is discursively constructed around three frames: (1) shared ethics, (2) relative ethics and (3) distributed ethics. All the organisations share certain similar conceptions of journalism ethics at the level of ideals. On the level of workplace practices and routines, a mixture of practical preconditions, journalism’s self-regulation, business logic and national legislation lead to differences in the image selection practices. It is argued that the ethical decision-making is distributed between – and sometimes even outsourced to – colleagues working in different parts of the filtering chain. Finally, this study suggests that dead or suffering bodies are often invisible in the images of the studied media organisations.

scholarly journals A Deeper Look at Autonomous Vehicle Ethics: An Integrative Ethical Decision-Making Framework to Explain Moral Pluralism

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimin Rhim ◽  
Ji-Hyun Lee ◽  
Mo Chen ◽  
Angelica Lim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Ethical Behavioral Intentions

The autonomous vehicle (AV) is one of the first commercialized AI-embedded robots to make autonomous decisions. Despite technological advancements, unavoidable AV accidents that result in life-and-death consequences cannot be completely eliminated. The emerging social concern of how an AV should make ethical decisions during unavoidable accidents is referred to as the moral dilemma of AV, which has promoted heated discussions among various stakeholders. However, there are research gaps in explainable AV ethical decision-making processes that predict how AVs’ moral behaviors are made that are acceptable from the AV users’ perspectives. This study addresses the key question: What factors affect ethical behavioral intentions in the AV moral dilemma? To answer this question, this study draws theories from multidisciplinary research fields to propose the “Integrative ethical decision-making framework for the AV moral dilemma.” The framework includes four interdependent ethical decision-making stages: AV moral dilemma issue framing, intuitive moral reasoning, rational moral reasoning, and ethical behavioral intention making. Further, the framework includes variables (e.g., perceived moral intensity, individual factors, and personal moral philosophies) that influence the ethical decision-making process. For instance, the framework explains that AV users from Eastern cultures will tend to endorse a situationist ethics position (high idealism and high relativism), which views that ethical decisions are relative to context, compared to AV users from Western cultures. This proposition is derived from the link between individual factors and personal moral philosophy. Moreover, the framework proposes a dual-process theory, which explains that both intuitive and rational moral reasoning are integral processes of ethical decision-making during the AV moral dilemma. Further, this framework describes that ethical behavioral intentions that lead to decisions in the AV moral dilemma are not fixed, but are based on how an individual perceives the seriousness of the situation, which is shaped by their personal moral philosophy. This framework provides a step-by-step explanation of how pluralistic ethical decision-making occurs, reducing the abstractness of AV moral reasoning processes.

scholarly journals Ethics and Total Worker Health®: Constructs for Ethical Decision-Making and Competencies for Professional Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10030
Author(s):  
Bonnie Rogers ◽  
Anita L. Schill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Worker Health ◽  
Total Worker Health

Work has become increasingly technologically driven and fast paced, with long work hours, new/emerging hazards, and rising health care costs. Threats to worker safety, health, and well-being including non-traditional work arrangements and practices, precarious work, uncertain hazardous exposures, and work organization issues, such as heavy workloads, design of work, uneven work hours, and difficult interpersonal relationships among workers and managers are apparent. Furthermore, the relationship between personal health risk factors and workplace risks and exposures has drawn increased attention and concern. As employer economic pressures continue to build, it is anticipated that ethical dilemmas for practitioners will become increasingly complex. A review of relevant Total Worker Health (TWH) literature, related ethical constructs and competencies, an examination of codes of ethics for occupational safety and health and health promotion/education disciplines was conducted. A case study for TWH utilizing an ethical decision-making model for the analysis of key ethical issues and solutions was completed. TWH approaches to protecting safety, promoting health, and advancing well-being are increasingly being adopted. These approaches can reveal ethical dilemmas, and ethical constructs are needed to guide decision-making. A core set of proposed ethical competencies for TWH professionals are identified as a transdisciplinary framework to support workplace ethical culture.

Simulating Complexity-Based Ethics for Crucial Decision Making in Counter Terrorism

2008 ◽  
pp. 3250-3268
Author(s):  
Cecilia Andrews ◽  
Edward Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Ideal State ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Systems Planning ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Tools And Techniques

“Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that governments, militaries and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism.” Counter Terrorism (CT) is a complex system driven by political, stress and time pressures that contribute to the enormous difficulty that involved people face in making sustainable ethical decisions. This chapter proposes a systems planning approach for enhancing the sustainability of crucial ethical decisions in CT. First, we describe the need for enhancing crucial ethical decision-making using some recent cases. Next, we evaluate the relevance and utility of a systems planning approach in providing such enhancements for CT. We develop the “ideal state” for tools and techniques to be used for crucial ethical decision-making in CT. We propose the POWER systems planning framework as a model for advancing towards this ideal state Finally, we consider how games and simulation could be used to envision and inform, aid synthesis of and support evaluation of decision-making through the POWER model.

Ethical Decision-Making in Schools

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Önen ◽  
Burcu Tibet
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intensity Factor ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Moral Intensity ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ethical Decisions

How many times do people encounter an ethical dilemma within a day? Many of them, probably, say more than one. Frequently encountering ethically questionable situations which have heavy costs to both business and educational organizations is very common. It is crucial to understand how teachers, for example, make decisions when they are faced with ethically questionable situations, such as intimate relationship offers or dishonest grading desires. Indeed, every individual involved with schools—not only teachers, but principals, students, and even parents—are faced with ethically questionable situations, forcing them to choose between right and wrong, possibly benefiting themselves or the ones they are close to and/or harming innocent others. So, increasing knowledge on how individuals make judgments and act when they are confronted a dilemma is important. Which factors affects ethical decisions? Do people simply choose the options granting their positions or beneficial for them in some way? A review of theoretical models of ethical decision-making revealed that existing models need to be modified in order to cover some ignored aspects. Additionally, there seems to be a need to add new constructs to the moral intensity factor: ease of the act and magnitude of the gain are possible issue contingents to be considered. Furthermore, empirical findings, in general, present contradictory results on proposed factors affecting ethical decision-making. However, some factors, such as moral intensity and reward–sanction systems, were found to consistently affect decisions on ethically questionable issues. There are, nonetheless, many finer points to be understood regarding what exactly is happening when people face dilemmas. This suggests new studies need to be conducted.

scholarly journals How do clinical psychologists make ethical decisions? A systematic review of empirical research

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Becky Grace ◽  
Tony Wainwright ◽  
Wendy Solomons ◽  
Jenna Camden ◽  
Helen Ellis-Caird
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Ethical Decisions

Given the nature of the discipline, it might be assumed that clinical psychology is an ethical profession, within which effective ethical decision-making is integral. How then, does this ethical decision-making occur? This paper describes a systematic review of empirical research addressing this question. The paucity of evidence related to this question meant that the scope was broadened to include other professions who deliver talking therapies. This review could support reflective practice about what may be taken into account when making ethical decisions and highlight areas for future research. Using academic search databases, original research articles were identified from peer-reviewed journals. Articles using qualitative ( n = 3), quantitative ( n = 8) and mixed methods ( n = 2) were included. Two theoretical models of aspects of ethical decision-making were identified. Areas of agreement and debate are described in relation to factors linked to the professional, which impacted ethical decision-making. Factors relating to ethical dilemmas, which impacted ethical decision-making, are discussed. Articles were appraised by two independent raters, using quality assessment criteria, which suggested areas of methodological strengths and weaknesses. Comparison and synthesis of results revealed that the research did not generally pertain to current clinical practice of talking therapies or the particular socio-political context of the UK healthcare system. There was limited research into ethical decision-making amongst specific professions, including clinical psychology. Generalisability was limited due to methodological issues, indicating avenues for future research.

Rehabilitation Counseling Ethics

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Reid ◽  
Connie J. McReynolds
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Rehabilitation Counseling ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Counseling Relationship ◽  
Decision Making Processes

One of the hallmarks of a profession is attention to ethical standards; therefore, the purpose of this article is to increase awareness of current ethical issues related to Rehabilitation Counselingpractice, and to identify toolsfor addressing those issues in an ethically sound manner. Examples of ethical dilemmas involving disability in a counseling relationship are presented, and a review of literature related to ethics in this area is provided. An approach to addressing potentially hidden counselor bias and its effect on ethical decision-making processes is discussed.

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