Theme of Trust Between Epistemology and Ethics

The article aims to clarify the philosophical path around the theme of trust; the relevance of this philosophical category is linked to both the epistemological and ethical dimensions. The problem of the risk of trust is the ethical philosophy of our time, above all because of the phenomenon of migration, the recent pandemic, the economic and political question. Returning to the work of David Hume we try to explain the empirical analysis of this theme in a perspective of a new era of trust. The epistemological foundation of trust clarifies the relationship with justice and pluralism, a source of positive resources but also of important problems.

Inference of Mulla Sadra's Ethical Views in the Four Realms of Meta-Ethics

Meta-ethics is an important and fundamental part of ethical philosophy. Normative ethics discusses the ethical criterion and definition of happiness and obligation; but Meta-ethics deals with its background. In other words, it puts ethical propositions into philosophical questions in terms of meaning, cognition, and truth. In the intellectual system of transcendent wisdom, metaphysical issues and sheer philosophy are studied in order to help human beings to develop and transcend. In fact, human ethics and transcendence along with theology are two main goals of transcendent wisdom. In this regard, it is important to understand Mulla Sadra's views on meta-ethics as well as to discover and deduce it among Mulla Sadra's philosophical views. While defining meta-ethics, explaining its domains and asking main questions about each of these domains, the method of comparative study is used in this paper in order to provide the most appropriate and consistent possible answers to questions in the realm of meta-ethics - based on Mulla Sadra's views on the originality of existence Substantial motion and Union of Intelligent and Intelligible and so on.

PERAN GURU KRISTEN DALAM MENDIDIK KARAKTER KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA SISWA BERDASARKAN TINJAUAN FILSAFAT ETIKA KRISTEN [THE ROLE OF CHRISTIAN TEACHER IN EDUCATING STUDENTS’ LANGUAGE CHARACTER BASED ON CHRISTIAN ETHICS PHILOSOPHY]

<p>The character of students in class can be shown through the attitude of talking to others. The politeness of using the language is something that must be considered when someone interacts. However, the facts that occur in the world of education show that there are still students and teachers who do not pay attention to the politeness of the language while the lesson is taking place. This shows the lack of awareness of educators to apply and educate the character of students' politeness in the class. The purpose of this paper is to explain the important role of Christian teachers in educating the character of politeness in students' language use based on a review of Christian ethical philosophy. This writing is reviewed using the literature review method. The teachers as the example of morals, ethical mentors, and effective givers are responsible for educating the character of students holistically, in fulfilling God's calling to clarify the values of God's giving to the lives of each student. The politeness of the language is one realization of obedience to an ethic. Christian teachers need to have perspectives that refer to truth to avoid moral relativism. Through this perspective, the teachers are able to help students to have the right motivation in applying politeness in language, which are the response to the salvation of Christ and the tools for them to grow more like Christ. Suggestions for the teacher, it is better to develop sensitivity to the condition of students 'politeness of the language use and explore the principle of the language use politeness, and innovative ways to educate the character of students’ politeness in using the language.</p><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: </strong>Karakter siswa di kelas dapat ditunjukkan melalui sikap berbicara dengan orang lain. Kesantunan berbahasa menjadi hal yang harus diperhatikan ketika seseorang melakukan interaksi. Namun, fakta yang terjadi di dunia pendidikan menunjukkan masih terdapat siswa dan guru yang tidak memperhatikan kesantunan berbahasa saat pelajaran tengah berlangsung. Hal ini menunjukkan kurangnya kesadaran pendidik untuk menerapkan serta mendidik karakter kesantunan berbahasa siswa di kelas. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah menjelaskan pentingnya peran guru Kristen dalam mendidik karakter kesantunan berbahasa siswa berdasarkan tinjauan filsafat etika Kristen. Penulisan ini dikaji menggunakan metode kajian literatur. Guru sebagai contoh moral, mentor etika, dan pemberi yang efektif bertanggung jawab untuk mendidik karakter siswa secara holistis, dalam memenuhi panggilan Tuhan untuk memperjelas nilai-nilai pemberian Tuhan kepada kehidupan setiap siswa. Kesantunan berbahasa merupakan salah satu realisasi dari kepatuhan akan suatu etika. Guru Kristen perlu memiliki perspektif yang mengacu pada kebenaran untuk menghindari relativisme moral. Melalui perspektif tersebut, guru mampu menolong siswa untuk memiliki motivasi yang tepat dalam menerapkan kesantunan berbahasa, yakni sebagai tanggapan terhadap keselamatan Kristus serta sarana untuk mereka bertumbuh semakin menyerupai Kristus. Saran terhadap guru, sebaiknya perlu menumbuhkan kepekaan akan kondisi kesantunan berbahasa siswa dan mengeksplorasi prinsip kesantunan berbahasa, serta cara-cara inovatif untuk mendidik karakter kesantunan berbahasa siswa.</p>

Drawing ethical mentation in Islamic banks; addressing operational lines heterogeneity with special reference to Al-Ghazali’s ethical philosophy

Purpose This study aims to examine the decision-making behaviour of Islamic banking practitioners of the United Arab Emirates with special reference to the operational line heterogeneity by employing factors that are religious in nature such as intellect, satanic force and divine knowledge as encapsulated in al-Ghazali’s ethical philosophy. Design/methodology/approach A total of 337 samples were collected from the Islamic banking practitioners in the United Arab Emirates using a purposive sampling technique, and the empirical analysis was conducted with the measures of model fit and bootstrapping technique using Partial least square Structural equation modelling and multi-group analysis. Findings The empirical findings reveal that the dedicated use of intellect in making decisions related to ethical issues where desires and emotions tend to overwhelm reason and human choices. While divine knowledge is found ineffective guidance of the intellect, the element of satanic force is found significantly impacting decision-making. As the lack of religious consciousness is evident among respondents, higher exposure to operational risk is expected. These findings were found identical across the Islamic banking practitioners in different lines of operations. Research limitations/implications The span of the study is limited to a single country. Future studies are recommended to replicate the study to more markets where the share of Islamic finance is significant. Practical implications Findings of the study highly suggest respective authorities of Islamic financial institutions to intensify the capacity-building programs on the foundation of faith which includes Islamic thought and worldview, to enhance the corporate ethical decision-making. Moreover, equal importance should be given to all the banking practitioners regardless of line of business operations. Originality/value With undue emphasis is given to the juristic (fiqh) aspects of Shariah compliance in the Islamic banking and finance industry, less has been attempted to explore its ethical dimension (akhlaq) in the compliance parameters that leave a relatively large gap to address prevailing unethical practices in Islamic finance institutions. Findings from this study can be useful as a warning to the Islamic banking firms to enhance the sense of God-fearing and improve existing measures in the organisation in mitigating operational risks that may arise from people or system and consequently ensure the smooth governance of the Islamic banks.

Formalising trade-offs beyond algorithmic fairness: lessons from ethical philosophy and welfare economics

There is growing concern that decision-making informed by machine learning (ML) algorithms may unfairly discriminate based on personal demographic attributes, such as race and gender. Scholars have responded by introducing numerous mathematical definitions of fairness to test the algorithm, many of which are in conflict with one another. However, these reductionist representations of fairness often bear little resemblance to real-life fairness considerations, which in practice are highly contextual. Moreover, fairness metrics tend to be implemented within narrow and targeted fairness toolkits for algorithm assessments that are difficult to integrate into an algorithm’s broader ethical assessment. In this paper, we derive lessons from ethical philosophy and welfare economics as they relate to the contextual factors relevant for fairness. In particular we highlight the debate around the acceptability of particular inequalities and the inextricable links between fairness, welfare and autonomy. We propose Key Ethics Indicators (KEIs) as a way towards providing a more holistic understanding of whether or not an algorithm is aligned to the decision-maker’s ethical values.

Personality Traits and Ethical Belief as Factors Influencing Fraud Intent Behaviour among Bank Employees in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Fraud is an ever-growing problem for financial institutions in Nigeria, with criminals using a wide variety of methods. Unfortunately, employees were fingered in most of these fraudulent activities. Previous studies focused on contextual and organizational antecedents of motivating engagement in fraudulent practices and less on employees’ dispositional factors. This study examined the role of personality traits and ethical beliefs on fraudulent behaviour among bank employees. The study was a cross-sectional study. Three hundred and fifty-three (353) employees in the middle to junior level management cadre were selected through stratified sampling technique from banking organisations operating in the Ibadan metropolis. The respondents responded to a self-report questionnaire measuring fraudulent behaviour intention and red flags; personality traits and Ethical position questionnaire. Two hypotheses were tested using multiple regression, Pearson correlation analysis and ANOVA at p≤0.05. Results demonstrated that conscientiousness personality trait was the only predictor of fraud intent behaviour among the personality variables. Employees with Absolutist ethical principles reported lower fraud intent behaviour than those with subjectivist ethical philosophy. The study concludes that personality traits and ethical beliefs were powerful motivators for fraud behavior. Thus, fraud and HR experts were enjoined to utilize psychological profiles in fraud investigations and selection of employees.

Phenomenology Is A Humanism: Husserl’s Hermeneutical- Historical Struggle to Determine the Genuine Meaning of Human Existence in "The Crisis of the European Sciencies and Transcendental Phenomenology"

In The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1936), Husserl expands his philosophical horizon to include the question about the genuine meaning of human existence. Understanding the crisis of the European sciences as a symptom of the crisis of European philosophy and as an expression of the life-crisis of European humanity, and interpreting European science, philosophy, and humanity as representative of their global-historical counterparts, Husserl argues that the life-crisis of European humanity is reflective of the critical condition of global-historical humanity. The crisis of “European” life emerges as a crisis of human existence, and Husserl’s phenomenology unfolds as a search for an answer to the question not only about the sense of the life-world but also about the meaning of human life. Thus phenomenology, as care for humanity, shares with existentialism, as a humanism in the broadest sense, the conviction that human beings live in a world not in which life makes sense, but in which they must make sense of life. Accordingly, the genuine essence of human existence is not passively “given” but actively “taken,” since it involves an entelechy that constitutes itself in an evolutionary achievement, and it is the evidentiary result of an existential struggle for meaning against annihilating forms of meaninglessness, namely, irrationalism, positivism, and skepticism. This paper examines Husserl’s hermeneutical-historical approach to the question about the meaning of human existence and suggests an understanding of phenomenology as a form of humanism, and perhaps even as a unique kind of “existentialism,” that is, an ethical philosophy that takes absolute moral responsibility for the presuppositionless application of reason to life.En La crisis e las ciencias europeas y la fenomenología trascendental (1936), Husserl expande su horizonte filosófico a fin de incluir en él la pregunta por el auténtico sentido de la existencia humana. Al entender la crisis de las ciencias europeas como un síntoma de la crisis de la filosofía europea y como una expresión de la crisis vital de la humanidad europea, y al interpretar la ciencia, la filosofía y la humanidad europeas como representativas de sus contrapartes históricas y globales, Husserl argumenta que la crisis vital de la humanidad europea refleja la condición crítica en que se encuentra la humanidad en perspectiva histórica global. La crisis de la vida “europea” emerge como una crisis de la existencia humana, y la fenomenología de Husserl se despliega como la búsqueda de una respuesta a la cuestión no sólo del sentido del mundo de la vida, sino también del significado de la vida humana. La fe-nomenología, como cuidado de la humanidad, comparte con el existencialismo, entendido como un humanismo en el sentido más amplio, la convicción de que los seres humanos viven en un mundo en el cual no es que la vida tenga sentido sino que ellos deben dar sentido a la vida. En consonancia, la auténtica esencia de la existencia humana no está pasivamente “dada” sino que es activamente “tomada”, ya que ella envuelve una entelequia que se constituye en una realización evolutiva, y que es el resultado evidenciador de un combate existencial por el significado contra las formas de sinsentido que son aniquiladoras, a saber: irracionalismo, positivismo y escepticismo. Este ensayo examina la aproximación histórico-hermenéutica de Husserl a la cuestión del significado de la existencia humana, y sugiere una comprensión de la fenomenología como una forma de humanismo, y quizá incluso como un tipo único de existencialismo; esto es, como una filosofía ética que asume una responsabilidad moral absoluta en la aplicación sin presupuestos de la razón a la vida.

In the quest of a novel BTI (bio-technical identity) Beyond the ontology of the human person

The intuitions and imagination of human visionaries about the infinite possibilities of scientific research and technology are creatively haunting the quest of our species to expand knowledge in the micro-cosmos and the vast space. Since 19th century French writer Jules Verne (1828-1905) and English writer Mary Shelley (1797-1851) had already traced the path to our days and beyond.They were followed by an infinite series of great intuitionists, who were not mere futurists like H.G. Wells, Ray Bradbury, Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, Isaac Asimov, Arthur Clarke, John Brunner and many more. Scientific endeavors and achievements transform the qualities of life and foster social institutions in various ways. The paper deals with a prevailing technological phenomenon, the scientific capacity of gene-editing, promoting thus the emergence of a virtual novel identity. The new achievements in sciences encourage the expression of human free-will allowing for physical and other enhancements or alterations, in reference to biological and technological features that may lead to a new bio-techno-identity (let us call it BTI). The paper reflects on the issue of “enhancing” the established concepts for defining a human being and a human person; it also puts forward the possibility of conducting a theoretical and field researchexamining -and evaluating- the issue and the mechanisms of BTI formation,reassessing all traditional qualities and novel characteristics attributed to humans by the applications of Biotechnology.The issue is eventually approached under the standpoints of Ethical Philosophy, Sociology, Biology, Orthodox Theology and Law. The analysis discusses intuitions in sci-fi literature and cinematography in comparison to reality i.e. the multitude of assisted reproduction technologies, embryonic and genetic labs, implants and even cloning in Western Societies.