Firearm Availability, Homicide, and the Context of Structural Disadvantage

2021 ◽  
pp. 108876792110438
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Semenza ◽  
Richard Stansfield ◽  
Trent Steidley ◽  
Ashley M. Mancik
Keyword(s):  
Gun Violence ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Structural Disadvantage ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Firearm Availability

This study examines how legal and illegal firearm availability correspond to subsequent rates of firearm and non-firearm homicide in 226 U.S. cities from 2010 through 2017. We also assess how city-level economic disadvantage conditions this relationship. Results show that greater availability of illegal guns corresponds to future rates of firearm homicide while the rate of legal firearms dealers does not significantly influence firearm homicide. The association between firearm availability and homicide is conditional upon level of structural economic disadvantage. Our findings support efforts to decrease access to illegal firearms to reduce gun violence, especially among vulnerable and disadvantaged communities.

“What Would I Look Like?”: How Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage Shapes Hip-Hop Artists’ Connections to Community

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Sarah Becker ◽  
Castel Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Concentrated Disadvantage ◽  
Urban Neighborhood ◽  
Structural Disadvantage ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Community Connections ◽  
Neighborhood Studies ◽  
Depth Interviews

Hip-hop has deep historical ties to disadvantaged communities. Resounding success in mainstream and global music markets potentially disrupts those connections. The authors use in-depth interviews with 25 self-defined rap/hip-hop artists to explore the significance of place in modern hip-hop. Bringing together historical studies of hip-hop and sociological neighborhood studies, the authors examine hip-hop artists’ community connections. Findings reveal that exposure to concentrated racial and economic disadvantage shapes how artists interpret community, artistic impact, and social responsibility. This supports the “black placemaking” framework, which highlights how black urban neighborhood residents creatively build community amid structural disadvantage. The analysis also elucidates the role specific types of physical places play in black placemaking processes.

Firearm Instrumentality: Do Guns Make Violent Situations More Lethal?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Braga ◽  
Elizabeth Griffiths ◽  
Keller Sheppard ◽  
Stephen Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Gun Control ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Firearm Availability ◽  
Do So

One of the central debates animating the interpretation of gun research for public policy is the question of whether the presence of firearms independently makes violent situations more lethal, known as an instrumentality effect, or whether determined offenders will simply substitute other weapons to affect fatalities in the absence of guns. The latter position assumes sufficient intentionality among homicide assailants to kill their victims, irrespective of the tools available to do so. Studies on the lethality of guns, the likelihood of injury by weapon type, offender intent, and firearm availability provide considerable evidence that guns contribute to fatalities that would otherwise have been nonfatal assaults. The increasing lethality of guns, based on size and technology, and identifiable gaps in existing gun control policies mean that new and innovative policy interventions are required to reduce firearm fatalities and to alleviate the substantial economic and social costs associated with gun violence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 4 is January 13, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Do fires discriminate? Socio-economic disadvantage, wildfire hazard exposure and the Australian 2019–20 ‘Black Summer’ fires

2021 ◽  
Vol 165 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Akter ◽  
R. Quentin Grafton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wildfire Hazard ◽  
Combining Data

AbstractWe examine the relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and exposure to environmental hazard with data from the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian wildfires (Black Summer) that burnt at least 19 million hectares, thousands of buildings and was responsible for the deaths of 34 people and more than one billion animals. Combining data from the National Indicative Aggregated Fire Extent (NIAFE) and 2016 Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), we estimate the correlation between wildfire hazard exposure and an index of community-level socio-economic disadvantage. Wildfire hazard exposure is measured as the interaction between the percentage of area burnt and proximity of the fire to settlements. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between fire hazard exposure and socio-economic disadvantage, such that the most socio-economically disadvantaged communities bore a disproportionately higher hazard exposure in the Black Summer than relatively advantaged communities. Our spatial analysis shows that the socio-economic disadvantage and wildfire hazard exposure relationship exists in inner regional, outer regional and remote areas of New South Wales and Victoria, the two worst-hit states of the Black Summer catastrophe. Our spatial analysis also finds that wildfire hazard exposure, even within a small geographical area, vary substantially depending on the socio-economic profiles of communities. A possible explanation for our findings is resource gaps for fire suppression and hazard reduction that favour communities with a greater level of socio-economic advantage.

Matching care to need in general practice: A secondary analysis of Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) data

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark F Harris ◽  
John Furler ◽  
Lisa Valenti ◽  
Elizabeth Harris ◽  
Helena Britt
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Australian General Practice ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Health Need

Addressing health inequality involves, in part, ensuring access to quality general practice care appropriate to the higher health need in patients from disadvantaged areas. This study compares characteristics of encounters in Australian general practice with patients of high and low socioeconomic disadvantage. The method used was an analysis of data from the study of Australian general practice morbidity - the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health, April 1998-March 2001 - comparing patients whose residence was in either the highest or lowest category of socio-economic disadvantage based on the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage. Multiple regression investigates independent predictors of low and high socio-economic disadvantage. Encounters with patients from areas of highest disadvantage differed markedly in the problems managed from those with patients from areas of least disadvantage. However, psychosocial problems were managed at the same rate in each group. Encounters with patients from areas of highest disadvantage were more likely to be with males, patients from non-English speaking or Indigenous backgrounds, in rural areas, and result in a prescription. They were less likely to be a long consultation, with a female GP, or to result in investigation or referral. The differences in care between the two groups of patient encounters cannot be explained by differences in morbidity. More research is needed to explain why these differences occur, including the possible influence of patient, provider and practice factors. General practitioners working with patients from disadvantaged communities may need greater support to deliver optimal quality of care.

Deserts of Disadvantage: The Diffuse Effects of Structural Disadvantage on Violence in Urban Communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lallen T. Johnson ◽  
Robert J. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Structural Disadvantage ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities

We advance discussion of structural inequality by operationalizing “concentrated” disadvantage in terms of highly disadvantaged communities located at the spatial core of contiguous areas of high disadvantage, and by testing the extent to which such location achieves an independent effect on violence. Using exploratory spatial data analysis and count modeling, we show that highly disadvantaged communities located at the center of a contiguous ghetto have significantly higher rates of violence than other highly disadvantaged communities, but that this relationship is moderated by structural disadvantage. In addition to finding a significant interaction between these “deserts” of disadvantage and structural disadvantage, as they relate to violent crime, we also observe that in desert communities, disadvantage has a diminishing effect on violence.

scholarly journals Do Fires Discriminate? Socio-Economic Disadvantage, Wildfire Hazard Exposure and the Australian 2019–20 ‘Black Summer’ Fires

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Akter ◽  
R. Quentin Grafton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wildfire Hazard ◽  
Combining Data

Abstract We examine the relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and exposure to environmental hazard with data from the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian wildfires (Black Summer) that burnt at least 19 million hectares, thousands of buildings and was responsible for the deaths of 34 people and more than one billion animals. Combining data from the National Indicative Aggregated Fire Extent (NIAFE) and 2016 Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), we estimate the correlation between wildfire hazard exposure and an index of community-level socio-economic disadvantage. Wildfire hazard exposure is measured as the interaction between the percentage of area burnt and proximity of the fire to settlements. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between fire hazard exposure and socio-economic disadvantage, such that the most socio-economically disadvantaged communities bore a disproportionately higher hazard exposure in the Black Summer than relatively advantaged communities. Our spatial analysis shows that the socio-economic disadvantage and wildfire hazard exposure relationship exists in inner regional, outer regional and remote areas of New South Wales and Victoria, the two worst-hit states of the Black Summer catastrophe. Our spatial analysis also finds that wildfire hazard exposure, even within a small geographical area, can vary substantially depending on the socio-economic profiles of communities. A possible explanation for our findings is resource gaps for fire suppression and hazard reduction that favours communities with a greater level of socio-economic advantage.

Reducing gun violence: Operation Ceasefire in Los Angeles

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Tita ◽  
K. Jack Riley ◽  
Greg Ridgeway ◽  
Peter W. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Gun Violence
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