The Process of Changing the Modern and Contemporary Name of Stone Seated Bodhisattva from Hansongsa Temple Site and Its Meaning

This paper studies the changing process of the honorific name of the Stone Seated Bodhisattva from Hansongsa Temple Site according to the modern and contemporary political and social circumstances. The National Treasure no. 124, the stone image, was carried out to Japan in 1911, donated to Tokyo Imperial Museum, and got the honorific name, 'Tara Bodhisattva,' and the record of the remaining Treasure no. 81, the stone statue, considered as Manjusri, was discovered in Korea. Also, The return of National Treasure no. 124 in 1966 is considered to be the significant event for the change of the honorific name again. There was a disagreement between Korea and Japan on the significance of the image. Japanese academia agreed to return the image because it considered the treasure was not worth possession whilst Korean academic circle treated it as a sculpture that represents the return of Korean remains scattered in Japan. After the return of the National Treasure no. 124, Stone Seated Bodhisattva from Hansongsa Temple Site has been studied actively through the methodology of stylistic analysis in Korean academia. As a result, the overall opinion that Manjusri as the National Treasure no. 124 and Samantabhadra as the treasure no. 81 should be reconsidered because, at present, due to the impairment of animal-shaped pedestals which is considered as the clear evidence for two figures, there is no way to distinguish which stone is Manjusri and which Samantabhadra. Through the above discussion this paper tried to reflect on the significance of the stone seated statues of Hansongsa temple site by looking at the changes of the honorific name tracing the modern and contemporary research history of the stone seated images.

Introductory survey of the South Estonian language islands

The South Estonian language islands – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – are three historically South Estonian-speaking exclaves located not only beyond the borders of Estonia, but also geographically separated from the main body of South Estonian speakers for at least several centuries. Two of these communities – Leivu and Lutsi – were located in present-day Latvia. The third community – Kraasna – was located near the northernmost Lutsi communities – only about 35 kilometres distant across the present-day Latvian border in Russia. This article acts as an introduction to the studies in this volume by describing the history and current state of the communities at its focus. It gives an overview of the location of the language island communities, their origins, linguistic status, and self-identity as well as provides a survey of their research history dating from its beginnings in the late 19th century to the present. Kokkuvõte. Uldis Balodis, Karl Pajusalu: Sissejuhatav ülevaade lõunaeesti keelesaartest. Lõunaeesti keelesaared – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – on kolm ajaloolist lõunaeestikeelset enklaavi, mis ei jää üksnes väljapoole Eesti piire, vaid mis on olnud Lõuna-Eesti põhialast eraldatud vähemalt mitu sajandit. Kaks nendest keelesaartest – Leivu ja Lutsi – asuvad tänapäeva Lätis. Kolmas keelesaar – Kraasna – paiknes teisel pool Läti piiri Venemaal, jäädes põhjapoolsest Lutsi asualast ainult u 35 kilomeetri kaugusele. Artikkel tutvustab sissejuhatavalt selle erinumbri artiklite teemasid, kirjeldades lõunaeesti keelesaarte ajalugu ja praegust olukorda. Esitatakse ülevaade keelesaarte asendist ja päritolust, keelelisest staatusest, kõnelejate identiteedist ning ka uurimisloost 19. sajandist tänaseni.

The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs

Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.

A catalogue of Indian Arctiinae (Erebidae, Lepidoptera)

We present a catalogue of 673 species and nine subspecies of Indian Arctiinae in 175 genera which represents 6.11% of the global Arctiinae. Out of 673 species, a monogeneric tribe Amerilini is represented by four species (0.59 % of Indian Arctiinae and 6.06 % of global Amerilini), Arctiini are known by 180 species in 38 genera (26.74 % of Indian Arctiinae and 2.73% of global Arctiini), Lithosiini comprise 419 species in 128 genera (62.25% of Indian Arctiinae and 13.30% of global Lithosiini), and Syntomini account for 70 species in eight genera (10.40 % of Indian Arctiinae and 5.83% of global Syntomini). Information related to type localities, records from India with respective literature references, and the genus/ species synonyms is provided. Brief summaries for the four tribes of Indian Arctiinae, stating their Indian genus and species diversities, diagnostic characters of imagines are also provided. Furthermore, we present data on the distribution of the Arctiinae within the biogeographic zones of India. In addition, a brief analysis of the research history of Indian Arctiinae illustrates the general patterns of when and by whom the Indian species were described.

Aristocratic libraries in Slovakia – status, research, history

The author has divided her article into two parts. The first part describes the status and research of aristocratic libraries in Slovakia. For a certain period of time, these libraries occupied an underappreciated place in the history of book culture in Slovakia. The socialist ideology of the ruling regime allowed their collections (with a few exceptions) to be merged with those of public libraries and archives. The author describes the events that affected these libraries during and particularly after the end of World War II and which had an adverse impact on the current disarrayed state and level of research. Over the past decades, there has been increased interest in the history of aristocratic libraries, as evidenced by multiple scientific conferences, exhibitions and publications. The second part of the article is devoted to a brief history of the best-known aristocratic libraries that were founded and operated in the territory of today’s Slovakia. From the times of humanism, there are the book collections of the Thurzó family and the Zay family, leading Austro-Hungarian noble families and the library of the bishop of Nitra, Zakariás Mossóczy. An example of a Baroque library is the Pálffy Library at Červený Kameň Castle. The Enlightenment period is represented by the Andrássy family libraries in the Betliar manor and the Apponyi family in Oponice.

Research History Of Oxus Civilization In US Archeology

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the scientific literature on the Oxus civilization that emerged as a result of the research of the famous American archaeologist Lamberg Karlovsky. Extensive analytical information on the stages of the emergence of the Oxus civilization, the factors of its origin, the language of the population, its location.

Discovering the role model of authors by embedding research history

A role model that supports career planning is important for authors in the academic area to improve research abilities. In this study, we discovered a role model in bibliographic networks based on two perspectives: (1) high research performance to be exemplary and (2) a similar research history that can be easily followed by authors. We assume that the year-wise subgraphs in the dynamic bibliographic network signify the ‘research history’. We discovered role models of authors in three steps: (1) learning vector representations of research history in dynamic bibliographic networks, (2) measuring the similarity of authors according to the research history and (3) visualising role models. With this process, we can recommend a reasonable role model whose research path the authors can easily follow. In addition, we verified the effectiveness of the research history embeddings and the accuracy of the recommended role model in a real data set.