Association of mineralisations in the stifle joint of domestic cats with degenerative joint disease and cranial cruciate ligament pathology

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Voss ◽  
Philemon Karli ◽  
Pierre M Montavon ◽  
Hans Geyer
Keyword(s):  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Periarticular Tissue

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, size, location and appearance of mineralisations in feline stifle joints, and to evaluate their relationship with osteoarthritis and cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) status. Methods Presence or absence, and size of mineralisations were determined from lateral stifle radiographs of 25 cats with CrCL rupture, and 44 cat cadavers without CrCL rupture. Mineralisations were classified as small, medium or large. Prevalence was compared between the clinically affected cats and the cadavers; the cadaver group was subdivided into an age-matched and an older group. Ten stifles with varying sizes of mineralisations were prepared as whole-knee specimens for histopathology. Location and appearance of the mineralisations, and degenerative changes in the cruciate ligaments, menisci, articular cartilage and joint capsule are described. Results Prevalence of articular mineralisations was 0.76 in stifles of cats with CrCL rupture (mean ± SD age 8.6 ± 4.5 years), 0.64 in stifles of age-matched cat cadavers and 0.74 in older cat cadavers (mean ± SD age 17.0 ± 2.4 years). Cats with CrCL rupture had a higher percentage of medium and large mineralisations than cats without CrCL rupture. Microscopically, small mineralisations were calcifications usually located in the cranial horn of the medial meniscus. Larger mineralisations were found to be ossifications, commonly located in the joint capsule and fat pad. Cats with larger mineralisations showed more signs of osteoarthritis, including degenerative changes in the CrCL. Conclusions and relevance Mineralisations in feline stifle joints were found to differ in size, appearance and location. Small mineralisations were usually confined to the medial meniscus, as described previously; larger mineralisations tended to be located in the tissues cranial to the menisci and seemed to be associated with osteoarthritis and CrCL pathology. Large mineralisations in feline stifles are ossifications in periarticular tissue and are associated with degenerative joint disease.

Will the Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Caprine Stifle Joint Develop Degenerative Joint Disease?

1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
L. A. Thomson ◽  
J. E. F. Houlton ◽  
N. Rushton ◽  
M.J. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Anterior Cruciate ◽  
Meniscal Damage

SummaryUnilateral cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) resection was performed in six goats. Controls for this procedure included the contralateral (non-operated) joints and six normal joints. All CCL-deficient joints had a positive cranial drawer movement throughout the study, whereas all other joints were stable.None of the joints showed gross evidence of degenerative joint disease at necropsy 52 weeks after the operation. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between either the frequency or severity of radiographic abnormalities in the two groups of joints.Despite long-term joint instability, degenerative joint disease did not develop in the CCL-deficient caprine stifle joint. When the goat is used as a model for anterior cruciate ligament-deficiency in man, the significance of any results should be assessed in the light of these findings.The long-term effects of experi-mentally induced cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency were studied in goats. All CCL-deficient joints had a positive cranial drawer movement, both immediately after surgery and at the end of the 52 week study. However, there was no evidence of cartilage or meniscal damage at postmortem examination, and stifle radiographs did not reveal evidence of degenerative joint disease.

Measurement of the tibial plateau angle in cats with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Reese ◽  
K. Lorinson ◽  
D. Lorinson ◽  
E. Schnabl
Keyword(s):  
Tibial Plateau ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Ligament Rupture ◽  
Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽  
Inter Observer Variability ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to determine the tibial plateau angle (TPA) in cats without stifle pathology and to compare it with cats suffering from an isolated cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Mediolateral radiographs of the stifle were taken and the tibial plateau angle was measured based on the method previously described by Slocum and Devine (1983) for dogs. Three observers with different levels of experience evaluated the radiographs of all of the cats in this study. The mean tibial plateau angle measured by all three observers in the cats with a rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) was 3.1° greater than in cats without stifle pathology. Neither gender, age, body weight nor degenerative joint disease had an influence on measurement results. The authors found an inter-observer variability of ± 5.3°. Hence it can be concluded that cats with cranial cruciate ligament rupture have a greater TPA, and this at least lends some credence to the possibility of higher TPA being a predis-posing factor for cruciate injury in this species.

Tibial tuberosity advancement in 65 canine stifles

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Miller ◽  
C. P. Ober ◽  
O. I. Lanz ◽  
R. A. Martin ◽  
P. K. Shires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Tibial Tuberosity ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Patellar Ligament ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Owner Satisfaction

SummaryThe tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) procedure was developed to treat dogs with cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifles. A retrospective, descriptive study was performed on 57 dogs that underwent unilateral or bilateral TTA. Medical records were reviewed and pre-, postoperative and follow-up radiographs were evaluated for patellar ligament-tibial plateau angle (α), distance of the tibial tuberosity advancement and progression of degenerative joint disease. A questionnaire was sent to all owners to obtain their assessment of the procedural outcome. Sixty-five stifles in 57 dogs received a TTA. Mean age was 5.2 ± 2.5 years while mean weight was 39.7 ± 11.9 kg. Eighteen breeds were represented with Labrador retrievers and mixed breeds predominating. The mean duration of lameness prior to surgery was 6.2 ± 6.7 months, with a median lameness score of 3/4. Fifty-nine percent of cases encountered complications, the majority of which were minor. Major post-operative complications were uncommon but consisted of implant failure, tibial crest displacement and medial meniscal tears. The mean radiographic preoperative angle α was 100°, while the postoperative was 95.5°. Mean osteoarthrosis scores were significantly different between preoperative and follow-up radiographs with 67% of cases showing radiographic progression. Seventy percent of owners responded to the survey with overall outcome considered good to excellent in 90%. Activity level was improved in 90% of responses. TTA subjectively appears to be a useful alternative in the management of cranial cruciate ligament disease. Few severe complications were encountered. Good clinical outcome and owner satisfaction was reported with the procedure in this set of cases.

Evaluation of fibular head transposition, lateral fabellar suture, and conservative treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in large dogs: a retrospective study

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Chauvet ◽  
AL Johnson ◽  
GJ Pijanowski ◽  
L Homco ◽  
RD Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Fibular Head ◽  
Radiographic Evidence ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ligament Rupture ◽  
Evaluation Scores ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Sixty-one large dogs (weighing 22.7 kg or more) with cranial cruciate ligament ruptures (CCLRs) were treated with either fibular head transpositions (FHTs; n = 22 stifles), lateral fabellar sutures (LFSs; n = 39 stifles), or conservatively (CT; n = 11 stifles) with rest and aspirin. Based on owner evaluation, dogs treated with FHTs or CT did not perform as well as dogs treated with LFSs (p less than 0.05). There was no difference in owner evaluation scores for the dogs treated with FHTs or CT. Thirty dogs were reevaluated by investigators. No differences between treatment groups regarding age, sex, or time until diagnosis were noted. No differences in scores for lameness, stifle instability, or forceplate analysis among the treatment groups were observed. Degenerative joint disease progressed or remained severe regardless of treatment, based upon radiographic evidence.

A Model of the Canine Stifle Joint With Representation of Medial Meniscus During Squat Motion

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonis Stylianou ◽  
Trent Guess ◽  
Leo Olcott ◽  
Gavin Paiva ◽  
Mohammad Kia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Joint Function ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Multibody Modeling ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Canine Stifle

Subject specific anatomical models of the canine stifle can be extremely valuable in understanding the biomechanical risks and causes associated with cranial cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries. Such models would also be powerful in improving preventative and therapeutic strategies for canines [1]. The menisci play an important role in joint function by transmitting tibio-femoral loads and by reducing the pressure on the articular cartilage. Multibody modeling methods often ignore the menisci in order to simplify the representation of the joint structures.

Evaluation of the Leeds-Keio Synthetic Replacement for the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Dogs: An Experimental Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Griffey ◽  
B. J. Massat ◽  
P. B. Vasseur
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament

SummaryEight conditioned research dogs, whose body weight was between 25 and 30 kg, had unilateral implantation of a Leeds-Keio (LK) synthetic implant (Dacron polyester) immediately after severance and removal of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL). A rectangular- shaped autograft, composed of fascia lata, was placed within the LK implant in four of the eight dogs; the other four dogs received the LK implant only. Modified Robert Jones bandages were placed on the limbs that had been operated upon; the bandages were left in place for 48 hours. After that time the limbs were not splinted. The dogs were confined to 1.5 m X 3 m kennels, with twice daily leash walks for the duration of the study. Although the joints that received the LK implants were stable immediately after the operation, they all developed progressive effusion, crepitation and instability accompanied by clinically apparent lameness. All of the dogs were euthanatized three months after the operations. Gross examination of the eight joints that had been operated upon confirmed the presence of degenerative joint disease. Three of the eight dogs had “bucket handle” type tears of their medial meniscus in the joints with the LK implant, and the medial menisci in the other five stifle joints that received LK implants had a fibrillated surface texture. Five of the eight LK implants had either ruptured completely or were stretched and frayed to the point where mechanical testing was not justified. Mean breaking strength of the 3 intact LK implants was 6.6% of the contralateral, control CCL. Ingrowth of fibrous tissue into the LK implants was minimal. The synovium from all joints with LK implants had moderate to severely increased cellularity within the synovial villi and supporting stroma consisting predominantly of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Multinucleated giant cells formed aggregates around irregular shaped strands of particulate material which was translucent and refractive. Under polarized light, these particles were bright yellow to green consistent with Dacron particles. It was concluded that the LK implant, as implanted in this study, was not a satisfactory replacement for the CCL in dogs.The Leeds-Keio synthetic replacement for the canine cranial cruciate ligament was implanted in eight dogs. All eight dogs developed progressive instability and secondary degenerative joint disease over a period of three months after the operation. It was concluded that the Leeds-Keio ligament, as implanted in this study, is not satisfactory for use in dogs.

scholarly journals A report of the Maquet procedure for the management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in a dog - a case report

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Danilo Roberto Custódio Marques ◽  
José Fernando Ibañez ◽  
Juliana Fonseca Monteiro ◽  
Ana Carolina Valentim Hespanha ◽  
Mayara Eggert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Early Weight Bearing ◽  
Ligament Rupture ◽  
Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is the major cause of lameness and degenerative joint disease in the canine stifle. The cause of this disease is multifactorial, especially involving degenerative and inflammatory changes. Many techniques have been described for the management of this condition, and current recommendations include the use of corrective osteotomies, most recently using the Maquet (or modified Maquet) procedure. This technique is fundamentally similar to the classical tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA), but without the use of the bone plate. The main advantages of using this technique are a shorter operative time and less use of implants. The main complication of this technique is an increased risk of tibial crest fracture. This report describes the Maquet technique for the treatment of a three-year-old male West White Terrier dog with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Cruciate ligament rupture was diagnosed by a positive cranial tibial drawer test. Mediolateral stifle radiography performed under anesthesia with the stifle in 135° of extension demonstrated a tibial plateau angle of 22°. A cage of six millimeters was necessary to allow advancement. The Maquet technique produced excellent post-operative results, including early weight-bearing and neutralization of the cranial tibial drawer. The consolidation time of the osteotomy was 63 days.

Contribution of periarticular tissue to stabilization of the canine stifle joint after cranial cruciate ligament reconstruction

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Hulse ◽  
M. R. Slater ◽  
R. C. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Test Apparatus ◽  
Joint Stability ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Periarticular Tissue ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Tibial Translation

SummaryBiomechanical analysis of the contribution of extracapsular tissues to the stability of normal and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle joints was done using a five degree of freedom test apparatus which allowed quantification of tibial translation. In joints without periarticular tissue, the intracapsular graft technique used achieved joint stability similar to that of the normal cranial cruciate ligament. Our results indicate that the periarticular tissues did not significantly add to the post-operative stability of the stifle after intracapsular reconstruction.

scholarly journals Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Dogs with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture Undergoing to Arthrotomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luanna Ferreira Fasanelo Gomes ◽  
Thales Bregadioli ◽  
Stefano Carlo Filippo Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Medial Meniscus ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Meniscal Tears ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Stifle Joint ◽  
Ligament Rupture ◽  
Meniscus Tears ◽  
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Background: The cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCLR) is the most common disease of the stifle joint in dogs. One of the major concerns in the assessment of these animals is diagnosing the presence of a medial meniscus tears, which is a frequent consequence due to the instability of the joint. Ultrasonography is indicated in the evaluation of the menisci from human and canine patients, and the results are similar to magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this study was to compare the ultrasonography and the arthrotomy in the evaluation of the cranial cruciate ligament and medial meniscus of dogs with CrCLR undergoing surgery for stifle stabilization.Materials, Methods & Results: Ultrasonographic examination was performed prior to arthrotomy in 23 dogs with diagnosis of complete CrCLR and five with suspected partial CrCLR undergoing for stifle joint stabilization surgery. The ultrasonography identified the complete rupture in 82.6% and the arthrotomy in 100% of the joints with this diagnosis. In the joints with suspected CrCLR during the clinical exam, arthrotomy and ultrasonography identified respectively three and four joints with partial CrCLR, and two and one with healthy ligaments. There was no difference between the two techniques in the assessment of the cranial cruciate ligament (P = 0.20). The ultrasonography identified medial meniscal tears in 39.3%, while arthrotomy was found in 21.4% (P = 0.0006) of the joints. The most frequent meniscal tear type observed in the arthrotomy was folded caudal horn. The ultrasonography was able only in differentiate presence and absence of meniscal injury. Besides the real tear that affects the meniscus morphology, the ultrasound also identified echogenicity and echotexture changes in the medial (5/28) and lateral (8/28) menisci. Other changes observed in all joints evaluated by ultrasound were the presence of effusion and synovial membrane thickening.Discussion: The complete and almost complete CrCLR are diagnosed by clinical examination through the evaluation of instability of the stifle joint, which is not possible in partial CrCLR in stable joints. In this study of the five evaluated stable joints, the ultrasound correctly identified the partial CrCLR in three joints and the ligament integrity in one of the joints when compared to arthrotomy. In animals with stifle joint instability the meniscus assessment is fundamental as it is one of the main causes of persistent lameness in dogs subjected to conservative or surgical treatment. Ultrasonography cannot differentiate the types of meniscal tears but identified approximately 1.8 times more medial meniscus tears compared to arthrotomy. Despite the bucket handle being the most common tear of medial meniscus in dogs with CrCLR, four of the six meniscal tears identified by arthrotomy were folded caudal horn. This lesion causes cranial displacement of the caudal horn which may have facilitated its identification by minimally invasive arthrotomy, being the probable reason for its high incidence in this study. Echogenicity and echotexture changes without affecting the meniscus morphology were related with intrasubstance degeneration described in human medicine. Ultrasonography is not the better technique to assess the CrCL but can assist in identifying partial ruptures. Because it has results similar to magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography is an important tool in the diagnosis of meniscus tears.

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