Glial response in the central nervous system of cats with feline infectious peritonitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1023-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo P Mesquita ◽  
Aline S Hora ◽  
Adriana de Siqueira ◽  
Fernanda A Salvagni ◽  
Paulo E Brandão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Vimentin Expression ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Microglial Response ◽  
Cns Lesions

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate central nervous system (CNS) lesions in non-effusive and effusive cases of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) regarding aspects related to astrocytic and microglial reactions. Methods Five necropsied cats that were naturally infected with FIP virus, confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, with different intensities of CNS lesions, were studied. Brain and cerebellum were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin to assess astrocytic morphology, and lectin histochemistry for Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I) to detect microglia was performed to evaluate the glial response in the CNS of cats with FIP. Results An important astrocytic response in many areas of the CNS of all cats, including the periventricular areas of lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle, the molecular layer of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, was visualized. This astrocytic reactivity was associated with areas of granulomatous or pyogranulomatous vasculitis/perivasculitis in most cases, and it was characterized by multifocal to coalescing astrocytosis and astrogliosis with an increase in the expression of intermediate filaments, such as GFAP. However, astrocytes exhibited strong vimentin expression in neuroparenchyma with severe inflammatory and necrotic changes, but GFAP expression was mild or absent in these cases. A microglial response was present only in severe lesions, and RCA-I expression was detected primarily in gitter cells and resting microglia. Conclusions and relevance The present study indicates a strong astrocytic response, including the presence of many less differentiated vimentin-positive astrocytes and gitter cells positive for RCA-1 in severe lesions in the CNS of cats with FIP.

scholarly journals Is Crush Cytology of Central Nervous System Lesions Relevant in Surgical Practice Today?

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishan Kumar Yadav ◽  
Rashmi Bhatti ◽  
Nikhil Moorchung ◽  
Deepti Mutreja ◽  
Ajay S. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Lesions ◽  
Neurosurgical Intervention

ABSTRACT Background: Intraoperative crush cytology is a useful tool for diagnosing the lesions of the central nervous system (CNS). However, because of the development of newer and better imaging techniques, it is important to evaluate if crush cytology is still relevant in neurosurgical practice. Aims: We evaluated the crush cytology smears in a series of cases where neurosurgical intervention was performed. We studied the role of crush cytology in the intraoperative diagnosis. We report a series of cases where intraoperative crush cytology helped the surgeon revise the surgery during the operation. Materials and Methods: A small portion of all CNS lesions was taken intraoperatively and the tissue was crushed between two slides. The slide was stained using the toluidine blue, Leishman stain, Pap stain and a routine H & E stain. The slides were the evaluated. Results: We evaluated the 50 cases of CNS lesions. We found that intraoperative crush cytology is particularly important in differentiating between neoplastic and nonneoplastic CNS lesions. It may also help in differentiating lymphomas from high-grade gliomas. Finally, crush cytology may help the surgeon in delineating the lesions during surgery. Conclusion: We conclude that crush cytology remains relevant in neurosurgical practice today and it should be adopted in all neurosurgical centers as a routine diagnostic technique.

scholarly journals Fatal bromethalin intoxication in 3 cats and 2 dogs with minimal or no histologic central nervous system spongiform change

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Romano ◽  
Alan T. Loynachan ◽  
Dave C. Bolin ◽  
Uneeda K. Bryant ◽  
Laura Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Spongiform Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Lesions

Use of the neurotoxic rodenticide bromethalin has steadily increased since 2011, resulting in an increased incidence of bromethalin intoxications in pets. Presumptive diagnosis of bromethalin toxicosis relies on history of possible rodenticide exposure coupled with compatible neurologic signs or sudden death, and postmortem examination findings that eliminate other causes of death. Diagnosis is confirmed by detecting the metabolite desmethylbromethalin (DMB) in tissues. In experimental models, spongiform change in white matter of the central nervous system (CNS) is the hallmark histologic feature of bromethalin poisoning. We describe fatal bromethalin intoxication in 3 cats and 2 dogs with equivocal or no CNS white matter spongiform change, illustrating that the lesions described in models can be absent in clinical cases of bromethalin intoxication. Cases with history and clinical signs compatible with bromethalin intoxication warrant tissue analysis for DMB even when CNS lesions are not evident.

Streptococcal Bacterial Endocarditis in Chickens

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Jortner ◽  
C. F. Helmboldt
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Bacterial Endocarditis ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Bacterial Emboli ◽  
Cns Lesions

Nineteen of 20 chickens with bacterial endocarditis characterized by well-developed vegetations on valves of the left side of the heart had lesions in the central nervous system. Anhemolytic streptococci were implicated as etiologic agents in 11 spontaneous cases, and S. faecalis var. liquefaciens was used to produce the disease experimentally in the 9 other birds. The CNS lesions were related to bacterial emboli, and included multifocal segmental inflammation of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, with associated perivascular and intracerebral inflammatory foci, infarcts of brain tissue, and leptomeningitis.

scholarly journals New Tools for Genetically Targeting Myeloid Populations in the Central Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel L. McKinsey ◽  
Carlos O. Lizama ◽  
Amber E. Keown-Lang ◽  
Abraham Niu ◽  
Elin Chee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Mouse Line ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Microglial Response ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Macrophage Subtypes

AbstractAs the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, microglia are crucial for the phagocytosis of infectious agents, apoptotic cells and synapses. Developmentally, microglia originate from the embryonic yolk sac and serve important roles in the sculpting of neonatal neural circuits. During brain injury or infection, bone-marrow derived macrophages invade neural tissue, making it difficult to distinguish between invading macrophages and resident microglia. In addition to circulation-derived monocytes, other non-microglial central nervous system (CNS) macrophage subtypes include borderzone (meningeal and perivascular) and choroid plexus macrophages. To distinguish between resident microglia and these other CNS macrophage subtypes, we generated a P2ry12-CreER mouse line. P2RY12 is a microglial-specific nucleotide sensing GPCR that is important for microglial response to tissue damage. Using immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometry experiments, we show that P2ry12-CreER recombination is exceptionally specific to parenchymal microglia. We also perform ribosome immunoprecipitations and transcriptional profiling of P2ry12-CreER recombined cells, using a Cre-dependent Rpl22-HA mouse line. By identifying genes enriched in this dataset that are not correspondingly enriched in a broader Cx3CR1-CreER; Rpl22 dataset, we isolate a number of borderzone macrophage-specific transcripts, including the gene PF4. Using a PF4-Cre mouse line, we show that PF4 expression robustly marks borderzone macrophages. Together, we demonstrate two new methods to genetically target distinct CNS macrophage subtypes.

scholarly journals Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid immunocytochemistry for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis manifesting in the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 576-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Gruendl ◽  
Kaspar Matiasek ◽  
Lara Matiasek ◽  
Andrea Fischer ◽  
Sandra Felten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate whether an ante-mortem diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is possible via immunocytochemical staining (ICC) of feline coronavirus antigen (FCoV) within macrophages of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods Prospectively, CSF samples of 41 cats were investigated, including cats with histopathologically confirmed FIP and neurological signs (n = 10), cats with confirmed FIP without CNS involvement (n = 11), cats with neurological signs but another confirmed CNS disease (n = 17), and cats without neurological signs and a disease other than FIP (n = 3). ICC staining of CSF macrophages was performed in all cats. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of CSF ICC were calculated. Results Of 10 samples from cats with CNS FIP, eight had detectable CSF macrophages, seven of which were positive for FCoV. Ten of 11 samples from cats with confirmed FIP without neurological signs had macrophages in the CSF, with all 10 being ICC-positive. In cats with other CNS disorders, 11/17 had macrophages, two of which stained positively. In cats with diseases other than FIP and without neurological disorders, 2/3 revealed macrophages, with one cat showing positive ICC staining. Diagnosis of FIP via CSF ICC had a sensitivity of 85.0% and a specificity of 83.3%. PPV and NPV were 85.0% and 83.3%. Conclusions and relevance CSF ICC is a highly sensitive test for ante-mortem diagnosis of FIP manifesting in the CNS. However, CNS ICC specificity is too low to confirm FIP and the method should only be applied in conjunction with other features such as CSF cytology. CNS ICC could be helpful to discover pre-neurological stages of CNS FIP.

Infection byTrypanosoma cruziin the central nervous system in non-human mammals: a systematic review

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaristo Villalba-Alemán ◽  
Mariáurea Matias Sarandy ◽  
Mônica Morais-Santos ◽  
Rômulo Dias Novaes ◽  
Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Bias Analysis ◽  
Methodological Bias ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Changes ◽  
Fragmented Data ◽  
Cns Lesions

AbstractCurrently, the types and distribution of the lesions induced in the central nervous system (CNS) byTrypanosoma cruziremain unclear as the available evidence is based on fragmented data. Therefore, we developed a systematic review to analyse the main characteristics of the CNS lesions in non-human hosts infected. From a structured search on the PubMed/Medline and Scopus platforms, 32 studies were retrieved, subjected to data extraction and methodological bias analysis. Our results show that the most frequent alterations in the CNS are the presence of different forms ofT. cruziand intense lymphocytes infiltrates. The encephalon is the main target ofT. cruzi, and inflammatory changes in the CNS are more frequent and severe in the acute phase of infection. The parasite's genotype and phenotype are associated with the tropism and severity of the CNS lesions. The methodological limitations found in the studies were divergences in inoculation pathways, under-reporting of animal age and weight, sample calculation strategies and histopathological characterization. Since the changes were dependent on the pathogenicity and virulence of theT. cruzistrains, the genotype and phenotype characterization of the parasite are extremely relevant to predict changes in the CNS and the neurological manifestations associated with Chagas’ disease.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammatory responses of microglia in central nervous system trauma

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S25-S33
Author(s):  
Donald C Shields ◽  
Azizul Haque ◽  
Naren L Banik
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Functional Restoration ◽  
Central Nervous System Trauma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotypes ◽  
Microglial Response ◽  
The Brain

Although relatively few in number compared to astrocytes and neurons, microglia demonstrate multiple, varied neuroimmunological functions in the central nervous system during normal and pathological states. After injury to the brain or spinal cord, microglia express beneficial pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes at various stages of recovery. However, prolonged microglial activation following injury has been linked to impaired parenchymal healing and functional restoration. The nature and magnitude of microglial response to injury relates in part to peripheral immune cell invasion, extent of tissue damage, and the local microenvironment.

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