Sedative effects of acepromazine in combination with nalbuphine or butorphanol, intramuscularly or intravenously, in healthy cats: a randomized, blinded clinical trial

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the sedative effects in cats administered acepromazine–nalbuphine and acepromazine–butorphanol, intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV), and the occurrence of adverse cardiorespiratory effects. Methods Forty-six cats were randomly divided into four groups and administered acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with nalbuphine (0.5 mg/kg) or butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), IV (ACP-NALIV and ACP-BUTIV groups, respectively) or IM (ACP-NALIM and ACP-BUTIM groups, respectively). Sedation scores, ease of intravenous catheter placement (simple descriptive scale [SDS] scores), physiologic variables, venous blood gases and the propofol dose required for anesthetic induction were recorded. Results Mild sedation was observed in all groups approximately 30 mins after treatment administration (timepoint T1, prior to propofol administration). Sedation scores at T1 increased above baseline in all groups ( P <0.05), but no significant difference was observed among groups. Dynamic interactive visual analogue scale sedation scores (range 0–100 mm) recorded at T1 were (median [interquartile range]): ACP-NALIM, 12 (10–12); ACP-NALIV, 11 (6–16); ACP-BUTIM, 11 (7–14); and ACP-BUTIV, 12 (7–19). Overall, SDS scores did not change from baseline at T1 and there was no significant difference among groups. The propofol dose did not differ among groups. Blood gases remained within the reference intervals for cats. Significant decreases from baseline were detected for all groups in systolic arterial pressure (SAP). Mean ± SD values at T1 were (mmHg): ACP-NALIM, 108 ± 13; ACP-NALIV, 102 ± 10; ACP-BUTIM, 97 ± 13; and ACP-BUTIV, 98 ± 21. Arterial hypotension (SAP <90 mmHg) was recorded at T1 in 0/11, 1/13, 4/11 and 5/11 cats in groups ACP-NALIM, ACP-NALIV, ACP-BUTIM and ACP-BUTIV, respectively, and was further exacerbated after the induction of anesthesia with propofol. Conclusions and relevance In healthy cats administered acepromazine–nalbuphine and acepromazine–butorphanol, IM and IV, the degree of sedation was mild regardless of the protocol and the route of administration. The main adverse effect observed was a reduction in arterial blood pressure.

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Carbon Dioxide Equilibration in Canine Lungs during Rebreathing and Acute Alkalosis

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0570385 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 385-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. D. Latimer ◽

G. Laszlo

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Base Excess ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Main Pulmonary Artery ◽

Mixed Venous Blood ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Venous Pco2 ◽

Pulmonary Arterial ◽

Gas Pressures

1. The left lower lobe of the lungs of six anaesthetized dogs were isolated by the introduction of a bronchial cannula at thoracotomy. Catheters were introduced into the main pulmonary artery and a vein draining the isolated lobe. 2. Blood-gas pressures and pH were measured across the isolated lobe and compared with gas pressures in alveolar samples from the lobe. 3. When the isolated lobe was allowed to reach gaseous equilibrium with pulmonary arterial blood for 30 min, there was no significant difference between alveolar and pulmonary venous Pco2. Mean values of whole-blood base excess were similar in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous blood. 4. After injection of 20 ml of 8·4% sodium bicarbonate solution into a peripheral vein, Pco2, pH and plasma bicarbonate concentrations rose in the mixed venous blood. There was no change of whole-blood base excess across the lung, indicating that HCO−3, as distinct from dissolved CO2, did not enter lung tissue in measurable amounts. 5. No systematic alveolar—pulmonary venous Pco2 differences were demonstrated in this preparation other than those explicable by maldistribution of lobar blood flow.

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Reference intervals for venous blood gas measurement in adults

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2020-1224 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Kirsty L. Ress ◽

Gus Koerbin ◽

Ling Li ◽

Douglas Chesher ◽

Phillip Bwititi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partial Pressure ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Reference Interval ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Published Data ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Venous Blood Gas

AbstractObjectivesVenous blood gas (VBG) analysis is becoming a popular alternative to arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis due to reduced risk of complications at phlebotomy and ease of draw. In lack of published data, this study aimed to establish reference intervals (RI) for correct interpretation of VBG results.MethodsOne hundred and 51 adult volunteers (101 females, 50 males 18–70 y), were enrolled after completion of a health questionnaire. Venous blood was drawn into safePICO syringes and analysed on ABL827 blood gas analyser (Radiometer Pacific Pty. Ltd.). A non-parametric approach was used to directly establish the VBG RI which was compared to a calculated VBG RI based on a meta-analysis of differences between ABG and VBGResultsAfter exclusions, 134 results were used to derive VBG RI: pH 7.30–7.43, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) 38–58 mmHg, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) 19–65 mmHg, bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–30 mmol/L, sodium 135–143 mmol/L, potassium 3.6–4.5 mmol/L, chloride 101–110 mmol/L, ionised calcium 1.14–1.29 mmol/L, lactate 0.4–2.2 mmol/L, base excess (BE) −1.9–4.5 mmol/L, saturated oxygen (sO2) 23–93%, carboxyhaemoglobin 0.4–1.4% and methaemoglobin 0.3–0.9%. The meta-analysis revealed differences between ABG and VBG for pH, HCO3−, pCO2 and pO2 of 0.032, −1.0 mmol/L, −4.2 and 39.9 mmHg, respectively. Using this data along with established ABG RI, calculated VBG RI of pH 7.32–7.42, HCO3− 23 – 27 mmol/L, pCO2 36–49 mmHg (Female), pCO2 39–52 mmHg (Male) and pO2 43–68 mmHg were formulated and compared to the VBG RI of this study.ConclusionsAn adult reference interval has been established to assist interpretation of VBG results.

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The Use of Milrinone Versus Conventional Treatment for the Management of Life-Threatening Bronchial Asthma

The Open Anesthesia Journal ◽

10.2174/2589645801913010012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 12-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amr Sobhy ◽

Doaa M. K. Eldin ◽

Hany V. Zaki

Keyword(s):

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Conventional Treatment ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Life Threatening

Background and Aims: In our study, we investigated the effectiveness of intravenous milrinone in life-threatening bronchial asthma as compared to conventional treatment. Methods: Fifty patients aged 18-50 years, presenting with life-threatening asthma were enrolled in a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT). They were randomly allocated into Group C (25 patients): who received the standard pharmacotherapy and placebo, and Group M (25 patients): who in addition to the standard therapy, received 25 μg milrinone as an initial slow IV bolus diluted in 10 ml of normal saline. The following data were recorded: PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) expressed as a percentage of the patient’s previous value, Respiratory Rate (RR), MABP (Mean Arterial Blood Pressure), arterial blood gases, and the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Differences between groups were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for quantitative variables with post hoc using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, and Chi square test for categorical variables. Results: Group M showed marked improvement in PEFR that was highly significant (P < 0.001) 10 min after injection and significant after one hour from the start of treatment in comparison to Group C. There was also an improvement in RR and PO2 that was significant in group M. Milrinone was associated with a reduction in MABP only after 10 min from injection, and showed a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilator support (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Milronine is a promising agent as a rescue drug in the treatment of life-threatening bronchial asthma.

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The influence of intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation on central venous blood oxygen saturation

Perfusion ◽

10.1177/02676591211055968 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026765912110559

Author(s):

Ayman Mohamed ◽

Sameh Aboulnaga ◽

Fayez Hamwi ◽

Amr S Omar ◽

Abdulrasheed Pattath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Central Venous ◽

Significant Difference

Objectives We aim at identifying the changes in venous blood saturation values that associates intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) in cardiac surgery patients with reduced left ventricular function (LVF). Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU) in a tertiary cardiac center over 5 years in Qatar. A total of 114 patients with at least moderate impairment of LVF with ejection fraction (EF) less than 40% were enrolled. According to the association of IABP, patients were segregated into two groups with and without IABP (groups 1, 40 patients and group 2, 74 patients). Sequential arterial and venous blood gases were analyzed. The primary outcome was to analyze the changes in the central venous saturation (ScvO2) in both groups and the secondary outcome was to analyze whether these changes affect the overall outcome in terms of intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Results There was no significant difference between both groups with regard to age, preoperative EF, hemoglobin, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in blood gases. Patients with IABP have a higher cScvO2 when compared to the other group (71.5 ± 12.5 vs 63.5 ± 9.3, 68.3 ± 12.6 vs 60.1 ± 9.5, 62.7 ± 10.8 vs 55.63 ± 8.1, and 60.6 ± 7.6 vs 54.9 ± 8.1; p = 0.04, 0.05, 0.03, and 0.5, respectively). However, generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis showed that compared with the participants showing that there is a decreasing trend in mean levels within the groups during follow-ups, overall difference between both groups’ mean levels was not statistically significant. Conclusions In this study, we observed that after cardiac surgeries, patients with IABP had non-significant higher ScvO2 when compared with a corresponding group with moderate impairment of LVF. Further prospective studies are required to validate these findings.

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The Contribution of Arterial Blood Gases in Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation and Fuel Utilization in Man at High Altitude

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1038/jcbfm.2015.4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 873-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Christopher K Willie ◽

David B MacLeod ◽

Kurt J Smith ◽

Nia C Lewis ◽

Glen E Foster ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

High Altitude ◽

Cerebral Metabolism ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Cerebrovascular Function

The effects of partial acclimatization to high altitude (HA; 5,050 m) on cerebral metabolism and cerebrovascular function have not been characterized. We hypothesized (1) increased cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) at HA; and (2) that CO2 would affect cerebral metabolism more than hypoxia. PaO2 and PaCO2 were manipulated at sea level (SL) to simulate HA exposure, and at HA, SL blood gases were simulated; CVR was assessed at both altitudes. Arterial–jugular venous differences were measured to calculate cerebral metabolic rates and cerebral blood flow (CBF). We observed that (1) partial acclimatization yields a steeper CO2-H+ relation in both arterial and jugular venous blood; yet (2) CVR did not change, despite (3) mean arterial pressure (MAP)-CO2 reactivity being doubled at HA, thus indicating effective cerebral autoregulation. (4) At SL hypoxia increased CBF, and restoration of oxygen at HA reduced CBF, but neither had any effect on cerebral metabolism. Acclimatization resets the cerebrovasculature to chronic hypocapnia.

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Changes in blood gases and acid-base balance in the exercising dog

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.656 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 656-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ronald L. Wathen ◽

Howard H. Rostorfer ◽

Sid Robinson ◽

Jerry L. Newton ◽

Michael D. Bailie

Keyword(s):

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Respiratory Alkalosis ◽

Hydrogen Ion ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Mixed Venous Blood ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Mixed Venous

Effects of varying rates of treadmill work on blood gases and hydrogen ion concentrations of four healthy young dogs were determined by analyses of blood for O2 and CO2 contents, Po2, Pco2, and pH. Changes in these parameters were also observed during 30-min recovery periods from hard work. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were obtained simultaneously during work through a polyethylene catheter in the right ventricle and an indwelling needle in an exteriorized carotid artery. Mixed venous O2 content, Po2 and O2 saturation fell with increased work, whereas arterial values showed little or no change. Mixed venous CO2 content, Pco2, and hydrogen ion concentration exhibited little change from resting levels in two dogs but increased significantly in two others during exercise. These values always decreased in the arterial blood during exercise, indicating the presence of respiratory alkalosis. On cessation of exercise, hyperventilation increased the degree of respiratory alkalosis, causing it to be reflected on the venous side of the circulation. Submitted on January 8, 1962

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A respiratory venous chemoreceptor in the young puppy

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1975.38.5.819 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 819-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

K. R. Kollmeyer ◽

L. I. Kleinman

Keyword(s):

Minute Ventilation ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

High Ratio ◽

Mixed Venous Blood ◽

Extracorporeal Circuit ◽

Shunt System ◽

Newborn Animal ◽

Venous Circulation ◽

Arterial Blood

An extracorporeal venovenous shunt system utilizing a membrane oxygenator to alter venous blood gases was used to study the regulation of ventilation in 28 newborn and 4 adult dogs. There was no effect of the extracorporeal circuit per se (without the oxygenator in the system) on essential cardiovascular or respiratory function. When the puppies were placed on the extracorporeal circuit with the oxygenator in the system to effect changes in mixed venous blood gas composition there was a significant increase in venous P02 (Pv02), a decrease in venous Pco2 (Pvco2), a rise in venous pH (PHv), and a marked fall in minute ventilation (VE). There were no significant changes in cardiovascular function or arterial blood gases to account for the depression of ventilation. Acute changes in Pvo2 produced appropriate directional changes of VE under conditions where other arterial and venous blood gases were held constant. At a low Pvco2/Paco2 ratio, ventilation was depressed compared to those conditions with a high ratio. At any Pvc02/Paco2 ratio, ventilation could be depressed by raising the Pvo2. In adult animals ventilation could not be altered by changing venous blood gases. These experiments support the existence of a respiratory chemoreceptor sensitive to both PO2 and PCO2 in the prepulmonary or venous circulation of the newborn animal.

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Effect of administration rate on propofol requirement in cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x17695891 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 91-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renato LS Oliveira ◽

Clarissa MR Moreira ◽

Myla CB Barcellos ◽

Camile PP Silva ◽

Jorge GC Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

The Other ◽

Analog Scale ◽

Anesthetic Induction ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sedation Scores ◽

Adequate Sedation ◽

Descriptive Scale ◽

To Receive ◽

Administration Rate

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration rate on propofol dose for induction of anesthesia and the effect of methadone on this dose. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study. Forty male cats (mean ± SD age 1.5 ± 0.8 years) were admitted for orchiectomy. Cats were randomly allocated to receive acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) with either methadone (MET; 0.3 mg/kg) or saline (SAL; 0.03 ml/kg). Each premedication group then received anesthetic induction with propofol at 5 (F) or 1.5 mg/kg/min (S), resulting in the following four groups: MET-F, SAL-F, MET-S and SAL-S. Sedation scores were assigned at 15 and 30 mins after premedication using a simple descriptive scale (SDS) and a visual analog scale (VAS). After assignment of sedation scores, respiratory frequency ( fR) was recorded, and anesthetic induction began and was continued until cats lost their palpebral reflexes and jaw tone, and the eye globe rotated ventromedially. The time for induction and the total amount of propofol needed was recorded, and intubation was then performed. After intubation, fR was also recorded. Results SDS and VAS sedation scores were low at 15 and 30 mins after premedication. There was no significant difference in sedation scores by time or between the groups at any time on any scale. The amount of propofol needed to achieve anesthetic induction was 5.3 ± 1.1 mg/kg in group MET-F, which was statistically lower when compared with the other three groups, which demonstrated no difference among them. Conclusions and relevance Premedication with acepromazine and methadone was not able to produce adequate sedation in healthy cats. The slow induction rate is not adequate for use in cats considering that all of the animals demonstrated excitement during anesthetic induction. The fast administration rate was able to produce adequate induction of anesthesia and reduce the amount of propofol needed to achieve intubation only when using methadone.

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