Comparative evaluation of visual outcomes after bilateral implantation of an advanced or conventional monofocal intraocular lens

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212199534
Author(s):  
Diogo Lopes ◽  
Tomás Loureiro ◽  
Rita Carreira ◽  
Sandra Rodrigues Barros ◽  
João Nobre Cardoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Intermediate Distance

Purpose: To assess the clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction of the Tecnis Eyhance, an advanced monofocal intraocular lens (IOL), compared to a conventional monofocal IOL. Design: Retrospective case-control study. Methods: This study included 120 eyes of 60 patients (30 patients in each group) who underwent bilateral cataract surgery either with the implantation of conventional monofocal IOLs (Tecnis PCB00), as a control group, or advanced monofocal IOLs (Tecnis Eyhance ICB00). Ophthalmological evaluation included the measurement of binocular corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), monocular and binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), and uncorrected intermediate VA (UIVA). In addition the binocular defocus curve was analyzed. Furthermore a subjective questionnaire (Catquest-9SF) was used to assess vision and life quality. Results: The average binocular UDVA was 20/22 in the ICB00 group and 20/20 in the PCB00 model ( p = 0.62). The average monocular UIVA was 20/32 in the ICB00 group and 20/40 in the control group ( p < 0.001). We found the binocular UIVA, had a mean value of 20/30 in the ICB00, compared to 20/40 in the control group ( p < 0.001). The reported dysphotopsia was not significantly different between both groups ( p = 0.56). Regarding the life quality questionnaire, the ICB00 group showed less difficulty in activities requiring intermediate vision. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated a significant improvement in visual acuity for intermediate distance in the ICB00 group compared to the control group, without compromising distance visual acuity. We also found a greater capability for intermediate distance activities (namely for computer use and reading price tags) when comparing ICB00 patients with the control group.

scholarly journals Femtosecond Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis Treatment of Residual Refractive Error following Femtosecond Laser-Enabled Keratoplasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Shen ◽  
Lester Tsai ◽  
Hannah Muniz Castro ◽  
Matthew Wade ◽  
Marjan Farid
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Case Review ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
The University

Purpose. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the treatment of residual myopia and astigmatism following femtosecond laser-enabled keratoplasty (FLEK). Design. Retrospective case review. Methods. Chart review of all patients with prior FLEK who subsequently underwent femto-LASIK surgery after full suture removal was performed at the Gavin Herbert Eye Institute at the University of California, Irvine. A total of 14 eyes in 13 patients met this criterion, and their comprehensive examinations performed at standard intervals were reviewed. Main outcome measures include uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) expressed as the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), manifest refractive astigmatism, and spherical equivalent. Results. From the preoperative visit to the 3 month visit, all 14 eyes significantly improved in UDVA (logMAR, 0.93 ± 0.23 to 0.44 ± 0.32, P=0.002) with no loss of CDVA (logMAR, 0.26 ± 0.19 to 0.18 ± 0.23, P=0.50). All 14 eyes showed significant improvement in manifest refractive astigmatism (4.71 ± 1.77 to 2.18 ± 1.45 diopters (D), P=0.003) and spherical equivalent (−2.57 ± 2.45 to −0.48 ± 0.83 D, P=0.0007). There were no flap or graft complications as a result of femto-LASIK. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that femto-LASIK on eyes with prior FLEK is safe and effective in improving visual acuity and reducing residual astigmatism.

Visual outcomes after progressive apodized diffractive intraocular lens implantation

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier García-Bella ◽  
Néstor Ventura-Abreu ◽  
Laura Morales-Fernández ◽  
Paula Talavero-González ◽  
Jesús Carballo-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Distance Correction

Purpose: To assess photopic and mesopic vision in patients implanted with the Bi-Flex® M 677 MY bifocal intraocular lens (IOL). Methods: In this prospective clinical study, 25 patients with cataract in both eyes were subjected to cataract surgery and bilateral implantation of the Bi-Flex® M 677MY (Medicontur, Hungary) IOL. Three months after surgery, high-contrast photopic uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were determined. Intermediate at 65 cm (DCIVA) and near at 40 cm (DCNVA) visual acuity were also measured, both with best distance correction. The CSV-1000 test chart was used to assess contrast sensitivity (CS). Defocus curves were constructed under photopic and mesopic conditions, determining binocular best-corrected visual acuity over the range +1.50 D to -4.00 D in 0.50-D steps. A KR-1W Wavefront Analyzer was used to measure pupil size and aberrometric outcomes. Presence and type of dysphotopsia were evaluated with the Likert scale. Results: Mesopic mean pupil diameter was 4.58 ± 0.73 mm. The mean values at 3 months were UDVA 0.03 ± 0.09, CDVA -0.05 ± 0.06, DCIVA 0.20 ± 0.07, and DCNVA 0.11 ± 0.08. Mean CS for the 4 frequencies examined were 1.66 ± 0.16, 1.75 ± 0.14, 1.39 ± 0.22, and 0.96 ± 0.19. Significant differences were observed in defocus curves for photopic and mesopic conditions. A significant correlation between pupil diameter and the dysphotopic photopic was found (r = 0.62; p = 0.02). Conclusions: The evaluated progressive apodized diffractive design IOL provides effective restoration of visual function in far and near vision distance with an adequate intermediate visual quality between -1.00 and -1.50 focus.

A comparative study of the visual outcomes between a new trifocal and an extended depth of focus intraocular lens

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Ruiz-Mesa ◽  
Antonio Abengózar-Vela ◽  
María Ruiz-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Outcomes ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Near Visual Acuity ◽  
Reading Distance ◽  
Continuous Range

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the visual outcomes and ocular optical performance of the PanOptix trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and Symfony extended range of vision IOL. Methods: Sixty-eight eyes of 34 patients were divided into 2 groups: 20 patients with the PanOptix IOL and 14 patients with the Symfony IOL. Binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity, best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA) at 80 and 60 cm, and distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA) at 40 cm were evaluated. Additionally, preferred reading distance with best-corrected distance and visual acuity at that distance, binocular defocus curves, mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity, photic phenomena, and monocular total higher order aberrations (HOAs) were also measured. Results: The visual outcomes for PanOptix and Symfony IOL groups, respectively, were as follows: BCDVA: -0.03 ± 0.03 and -0.02 ± 0.03 logMAR; DCIVA at 80 cm: 0.06 ± 0.06 and 0.06 ± 0.04 logMAR; DCIVA at 60 cm: 0.06 ± 0.10 and 0.05 ± 0.04 logMAR; DCNVA: 0.04 ± 0.06 and 0.20 ± 0.07 logMAR (p<0.001). Similar preferred reading distances were found for both groups (37.0 ± 4.6 and 38.9 ± 5.7 cm, respectively). The visual acuities at those distances were 0.09 ± 0.08 and 0.19 ± 0.08 logMAR (p<0.001), respectively. The defocus curves showed significantly better outcomes for the PanOptix IOL from -2.0 to -4.0 D (p<0.001). No significant differences were found for contrast sensitivity, halometry, or HOAs between the groups. Conclusions: The PanOptix and Symfony IOLs showed comparable visual performance at distance and intermediate. However, the PanOptix IOL provided better near and preferred reading distance VAs and showed a more continuous range of vision than the Symfony IOL.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Different Power of Near Addition in Two Different Multifocal Intraocular Lenses

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugur Unsal ◽  
Gonen Baser
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Near Vision ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Multifocal Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Quality Of Vision ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Near Visual Acuity

Purpose.To compare near, intermediate, and distance vision and quality of vision, when refractive rotational multifocal intraocular lenses with 3.0 diopters or diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses with 2.5 diopters near addition are implanted.Methods.41 eyes of 41 patients in whom rotational +3.0 diopters near addition IOLs were implanted and 30 eyes of 30 patients in whom diffractive +2.5 diopters near addition IOLs were implanted after cataract surgery were reviewed. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity, intermediate visual acuity, near visual acuity, and patient satisfaction were evaluated 6 months later.Results. The corrected and uncorrected distance visual acuity were the same between both groups (p=0.50andp=0.509, resp.). The uncorrected intermediate and corrected intermediate and near vision acuities were better in the +2.5 near vision added intraocular lens implanted group (p=0.049,p=0.005, andp=0.001, resp.) and the uncorrected near vision acuity was better in the +3.0 near vision added intraocular lens implanted group (p=0.001). The patient satisfactions of both groups were similar.Conclusion. The +2.5 diopters near addition could be a better choice in younger patients with more distance and intermediate visual requirements (driving, outdoor activities), whereas the + 3.0 diopters should be considered for patients with more near vision correction (reading).

Outcomes of refractive error correction in pseudophakic patients using a sulcus piggyback intraocular lens

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212090356
Author(s):  
Eliya Levinger ◽  
Michael Mimouni ◽  
Yaron Finkelman ◽  
Yossi Yatziv ◽  
Jonathan Shahar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the results of a sulcus intraocular lens (Sulcoflex) for pseudophakic refractive errors following phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: This retrospective clinical observational cohort study included consecutive eyes in which a Sulcoflex was implanted. Uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity as well as refractive outcomes were assessed. The minimum follow-up time required for inclusion was 3 months. Results: In total, 15 eyes ( n = 15) were evaluated. The mean follow-up was 14 months (range: 3–18 months). The Sulcoflex aspheric (653L) was implanted in 13 eyes and the Sulcoflex toric (653T) in two eyes. The preoperative mean logMAR (Snellen) uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity were 0.88 (20/150) and 0.27 (20/40), respectively. The postoperative mean logMAR (Snellen) corrected distance visual acuity was 0.15 (20/30). The preoperative mean spherical equivalent was −0.22 ± 5.95 D and the postoperative mean spherical equivalent was −1.59 ± 1.45 D. There was a significant and strong correlation ( r = 0.64, p < 0.001) between the attempted and the achieved spherical equivalent. Conclusion: The Sulcoflex is a safe and viable option for patients with residual refractive error following cataract surgery.

scholarly journals Clinical Outcomes of Sequential Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments and an Extended Range of Vision Intraocular Lens Implantation in Patients with Keratoconus and Cataract

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lisa ◽  
R. Zaldivar ◽  
A. Fernández-Vega Cueto ◽  
R. M. Sanchez-Avila ◽  
D. Madrid-Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Intraocular Lens ◽  
Iol Implantation ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Intrastromal Corneal Ring ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. To evaluate efficacy, safety, and predictability of sequential Ferrara-type intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) and an extended range of vision intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with keratoconus and cataract. Methods. This study comprised patients with keratoconus and cataract that had ICRS implantation followed 6 months later by extended range of vision IOL implantation. The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and residual refractive errors, analysed using vector analysis, were recorded preoperatively, 6 months after ICRS implantation, and 6 months after IOL implantation, respectively. Results. The study enrolled 17 eyes (11 patients). The mean UDVA (logMAR scale) was 1.15 ± 0.67 preoperatively, 0.88 ± 0.69 six months after ICRS implantation (P=0.005), and 0.27 ± 0.18 six months after IOL implantation (P<0.0001). The CDVA changed from 0.26 ± 0.15 (logMAR) before surgery to 0.17 ± 0.08 six months after Ferrara-type ICRS implantation (P=0.002) and to 0.07 ± 0.06 six months after IOL implantation (P<0.0001). The spherical equivalent and the refractive cylinder declined steeply after IOL implantation (P<0.001). The magnitude of depth of focus was 2.60 ± 1.02 D. There were no statistically significant differences in visual acuity for a defocus range from +0.50 D to −0.50 D (P>0.1). Conclusion. Sequential Ferrara-type ICRS and an extended range of vision IOL implantation provided good visual and refractive outcomes, being an effective, safe, and predictable procedure for the treatment of selected cases of patients with keratoconus and cataract. In addition, this approach provides an increase of tolerance to defocus.

Outcomes of a 320-degree intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation for keratoconus: Results of a 6-month follow-up

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Andrade do Nascimento Rocha ◽  
Paulo Ferrara de Almeida Cunha ◽  
Leonardo Torquetti Costa ◽  
Luciene Barbosa de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Intrastromal Corneal Ring ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Ring Segment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Corneal Tomography

Importance: This study shows that a newer long-arc length intrastromal corneal ring segment is efficient and safe for keratoconus treatment. Background: To evaluate visual, tomographic results and complications of a 320-degree intrastromal corneal ring segment implantation with the femtosecond laser for keratoconus treatment. Design: A prospective, nonrandomized, and interventional study. Participants: A total of 34 eyes of 31 patients diagnosed with keratoconus were enrolled. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups based on the strategy used for 320-degree intrastromal corneal ring segment thickness selection. In one group, this selection was based on spherical equivalent (SE group) and in the other on the mean asphericity (Q group). The uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuities, spherical equivalent, K1, K2, Km, Kmax, and mean asphericity ( Q) on corneal tomography were evaluated preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. For astigmatism improvement, we analyzed the corneal tomographic vectorial astigmatism change preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. The mean follow-up period was 6.63 ± 0.96 months. Results: The mean uncorrected distance visual acuity and corrected distance visual acuity improved with a significant spherical equivalent improvement ( p < 0.05), with no differences between the 320-degree intrastromal corneal ring segment groups. All corneal tomographic parameters improved significantly ( p < 0.05) between the preoperative and postoperative intervals, with a significant better performance when we used spherical equivalent for the 320-degree intrastromal corneal ring segment thickness selection. Finally, the mean vectorial corneal tomographic astigmatism significantly improved after 6 months, again with no differences between groups. Conclusion: This study suggests that implanting a 320-degree intrastromal corneal ring segment is a safe and effective procedure for treating patients with keratoconus. It also suggests that for thickness selection spherical equivalent is the better strategy.

scholarly journals Long-term Stability of Ectasia in a Young Patient with Asymmetric Keratoconus

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Rosane de Oliveira Corrêa ◽  
Ana Laura Caiado Canedo ◽  
Rozalia Beildeck ◽  
Marcella Quaresma Salomão ◽  
Penelope Burle de Politis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Young Patient ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Manifest Refraction ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Ring Segment ◽  
Intracorneal Ring Segment ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Purpose To report the clinical course of a typical young patient presenting with asymmetric keratoconus (KC), that demonstrates that stabilization of the ectatic process is possible without cross-linking (CXL) procedure. Methods Case report and review of the literature. Results A 17-year-old male patient was referred due to the diagnosis of keratoconus. Patient complained of loss of vision in the left eye (OS). Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/25+ in the right eye (OD) and 20/80 in the left eye; wavefront-assisted manifest refraction gave best corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/20 in OD and 20/40 in OS. The diagnosis of keratoconus was confirmed with Placido disk-based topography (Oculus Keratograph 4), and Pentacam HR corneal tomography (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Femtosecond laser-assisted intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation was performed in the left eye and treatment for allergy was prescribed for both eyes, along with patient education and advice not to rub the eyes. After 3 months, significant improvement was observed on UDVA (20/30) and CDVA (20/20) in the left eye. Topometric and tomographic stability of ectasia was observed in the right eye in a 4-year follow-up. Conclusion Intracorneal ring segment caused significant regularization of the corneal shape and improvement on visual acuity. Ectasia stability was achieved with no need for CXL, despite the patient's young age. This case raises the point that the indication of CXL for every keratoconic patient should be reconsidered. How to cite this article de Oliveira Corrêa R, Canedo ALC, Beildeck R, Salomão MQ, de Politis PB, Ambrósio R Jr. Longterm Stability of Ectasia in a Young Patient with Asymmetric Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2015;4(2):66-68.

Implantable collamer lens for the correction of post-keratoplasty myopia and astigmatism

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
Nasser A Alsabaani ◽  
◽  
Salem Almalki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Implantable Collamer Lens ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Refractive Outcomes ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corneal Refractive Surgery

AIM: To evaluate the safety, refractive outcomes and vision after phakic posterior chamber implantable collamer lens (ICL) after keratoplasty (KP). METHODS: This retrospective single center study evaluated 32 (35 eyes) patients who received an ICL for myopia and/or astigmatism after keratoplasty. Patients underwent ICL surgery if they were unable to wear glasses or contact lenses and excimer laser surgery was contraindicated. Data were collected on uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refraction and complications. Data were analyzed for the preoperative and last postoperative visits (16.7±13mo) (P<0.05). RESULTS: Preoperatively, spherical equivalent (SE) ranged from -4.00 to -20.00 D and cylinder from -2.00 to -9.00 D. The mean SE decreased statistically significantly from -11.41±3.62 D preoperatively to -1.95±1.78 D postoperatively (P<0.0001). Mean UDVA increased statistically significantly from 20/400 preoperatively to 20/25 postoperatively (P<0.0001). There was a mean improvement in postoperative CDVA of 1.5 lines compared to preoperatively, 37% of eyes had an increase of 2 or more lines. One eye (2.8%) lost ≥1 line of CDVA. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective treatment for post-keratoplasty myopia and astigmatism in patients unable to wear spectacles or contact lenses and where corneal refractive surgery is contraindicated.

Clinical outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction versus advanced surface ablation in low myopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suphi Taneri ◽  
Saskia Kießler ◽  
Anika Rost ◽  
Tim Schultz ◽  
H Burkhard Dick
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction ◽  
Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Small Incision ◽  
Surface Ablation ◽  
Uncorrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Corrected Distance Visual Acuity ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Lenticule Extraction

Purpose: To compare the visual and refractive outcomes of small incision lenticule extraction and advanced surface ablation for low myopia or myopic astigmatism. Methods: Retrospective, observational case series of our first 50 consecutive small incision lenticule extraction patients compared to refraction-matched 50 advanced surface ablation treatments with attempted spherical equivalent correction ⩽−3.5 D, astigmatism ⩽−1.5 D, and corrected distance visual acuity of 1.0 (decimal scale) or better. Only one eye per patient was included. Results: Small incision lenticule extraction: mean attempted spherical equivalent correction was −2.80 ± 0.63 D. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.85 and 1.0 at days 1 and 5, respectively. At 3 months, mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.02 ± 0.32 D (range: −0.5 to +0.75 D), mean cylinder was −0.24 ± 0.21 D (range: 0 to −0.75 D), mean uncorrected distance visual acuity was 1.27, mean efficacy index was 0.96, and mean safety index was 1.05. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was same or better than corrected distance visual acuity in 96%, astigmatism ⩽0.5 D in 98% and ⩽1 D in 100% of eyes, respectively. Advanced surface ablation: mean attempted spherical equivalent correction was −2.75 ± 0.5 D. Uncorrected distance visual acuity was 0.72 and 0.61 at days 1 and 5, respectively. At 3 months, mean spherical equivalent refraction was 0.22 ± 0.32 D, mean cylinder was −0.27 ± 0.27 D, mean uncorrected distance visual acuity was 1.21, mean efficacy index was 1.03, and mean safety index was 1.08. Conclusion: Small incision lenticule extraction for low myopia was found to be safe and effective with outcomes at 3 months similar to those obtained with advanced surface ablation while offering a quicker visual recovery.

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