Outcomes of conbercept therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia

AIM: To evaluate the one-year outcome of intravitreal conbercept injections for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia (pm-CNV) by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: The medical records of 26 consecutive eyes of 23 patients who received intravitreal injections of conbercept for pm-CNV with a follow-up of one year were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and OCTA at the first visit. All approaches were performed as “1+PRN” treatment. Outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT) and the mean CNV area by OCTA. RESULTS: Mean Logarithm BCVA improved from (0.66±0.51) at baseline to (0.39±0.38) at one year (t=3.528, P=0.004). The CFT before treatment and after one year after were 275.08±48.74) μm and (205.15±43.74) μm respectively (t=4.630, P=0.001). The mean pm-CNV areas before treatment and after one year treatment were (0.48±0.24) mm2 and (0.15±0.11) mm2 respectively, with a significant difference among them (t=5.329, P=0.000). Twenty-one eyes had no needs after the first treatment. Four eyes received 2 injections and only one eye received 3 injections. No severe adverse events were noted relevant to the therapy. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal conbercept can improve the vision and relieve CFT and CNV area for the treatment of pm-CNV with “1+PRN” by OCTA for one year, however, long-term follow-up still need to be performed.

Repeatability and comparison of Corvis ST parameters before and after accelerated transepithelial corneal cross-linking in keratoconus eyes

AIM: To evaluate the repeatability and comparison of corneal visualization scheimpflug technology (Corvis ST) parameters in keratoconus eyes before and after accelerated transepithelial corneal cross-linking (ATE-CXL). METHODS: Thirty eyes of 30 progressive keratoconus patients were included in the prospective study. Three repeated corneal biomechanical measurements were performed preoperatively and one month postoperatively by Corvis ST. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence interval (CI), Cronbach’ α, repeatability coefficient (RC), and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to evaluate the repeatability of Corvis ST parameters. Paired t test or Wilcoxon rank test was used to evaluate the differences between preoperative and postoperative data. RESULTS: At preoperative, 26 of 39 (66.67%) parameters showed good to excellent repeatability, 6 (15.38%) showed moderate, and 7 (17.95%) showed poor repeatability. Similarly, 34 (87.18%) parameters showed good to excellent repeatability, 3 (7.69%) showed moderate, and 2 (5.13%) showed poor repeatability after ATE-CXL. After ATE-CXL 1mo, the intraocular pressure (IOP), biomechanical corrected IOP (bIOP), first applanation time (A1T), Radius, deformation amplitude at the first applanation (A1DA), deflection length at the maximum deformation (HCDLL) and stiffness parameter at first applanation (SP A1) parameters increased, while the steep keratometry (Ks), flat keratometry (Kf), mean keratometry (Kmean), second applanation time (A2T), DA Ratio Max (2 mm) and integrated radius parameters decreased (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The repeatability of the Corvis ST parameters before and 1mo ATE-CXL follow up were both acceptable, and the corneal stiffness was improved after 1-month ATE-CXL.

Effects of blunt trauma of eye on retinal nerve fibre layer

AIM: To study the effects of blunt trauma of eye on visual acuity and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). METHODS: A prospective observational study was done on the patients of a road traffic accident (RTA) having blunt trauma injury of the eye from august 2018 to July 2019 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki. Patients between the age group of 20 to 65 years undergoing RTA with ocular complaints were included in this study. Colour vision, contrast sensitivity, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded, RNFL analysis was done through OCT. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients were enrolled in this study and were grouped as 54 cases and 54 controls. The mean age was 43±2.3 years with 11 (20.37%) females and 43 (79.6%) males in the case group. At initial visit after RTA, the difference between color vision, contrast sensitivity and BCVA between right and left eyes of cases and controls were significant. After a follow up of 3mo only significant difference was noted in contrast sensitivity between cases and control groups. Change in color vision and BCVA after 3mo was insignificant. Similarly, an initial significant difference was noted in mean RNFL thickness between cases and control groups, but after follow up of 3mo mean RNFL thickness difference was significant only in superior and temporal quadrants. CONCLUSION: RTA or blunt trauma of eye can lead to persistent RNFL thinning and decreased visual function.

Observation of hyaloid artery remnants in premature infants

AIM: To observe the hyaloid artery remnants in the eyes of premature infants. METHODS: This retrospective study recruited premature infants who consecutively attended the Tongji Hospital for retinopathy of prematurity screening from May 2018 to November 2018. The binocular indirect ophthalmoscope was used for examination. RESULTS: In total, 60 cases were pulled for data analysis. The cases were categorized as having the following condition: hyaloid artery remnants positive or hyaloid artery remnants negative. It was showed that the remnants positive group had significant lower gestational age and birth weight than those of the negative group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in gender, labor presentation and retinopathy of prematurity between the two groups (P>0.05). The hyaloid artery remnants completely regressed in all the follow-up cases. The range of disappearing time of hyaloid artery remnants was 37-44wk of corrected gestational age. CONCLUSION: The hyaloid artery remnants in preterm infants are most likely to be physiological residues. Younger or lower weight premature infants will have higher positive detection rates of hyaloid artery remnants. It seems like co-existence with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has no significant association with the detection of hyaloid artery remnants. When the corrected gestational age extends over 43wk, if the hyaloid artery remnants don’t regress, there is a possibility of pathological changes, and appropriate interventions should be selected according to the severity of the lesions.

Assessment of the differences in the short-term clinical outcomes of superotemporal and inferonasal Baerveldt glaucoma implantation surgeries performed via the pars plana route

AIM: To investigate and discover whether different insertion areas for Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) surgery produce different outcomes in terms of the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: This retrospective study involved the review of cases of patients admitted at Toho University Sakura Medical Center, who underwent BGI surgery via the pars plana route for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. The patients were divided into two groups: the superotemporal insertion group [18 eyes in 16 subjects (13 males, 3 females; mean age 62.9±14.4y)] and the inferonasal insertion group [17 eyes in 15 subjects (11 males, 4 females; mean age 56.9±10.7y)]. The patients were followed up and re-evaluated at 12mo. The IOP reduction rate 12mo after surgery relative to preoperative IOP was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The mean preoperative IOP was 31.1±10.0 mm Hg and postoperative IOP was 14.4±4.5 mm Hg in the superotemporal group, whereas for the inferonasal group, the mean preoperative IOP was 34.9±9.7 mm Hg and postoperative IOP was 15.9±3.7 mm Hg. The IOP reduction rate of the superotemporal group was 50.0%±19.0% and that of the inferonasal group was 51.2%±16.3%. There was no significant correlation between the two groups (Student’s t-test, P=0.590). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the short-term clinical outcomes between superotemporal and inferonasal BGI performed via the pars plana route.

Clinical profile of amblyopia and outcome of occlusion therapy in pediatric populations attending a referral hospital

AIM: To study clinical profile of amblyopia and also the outcomes of occlusion therapy among the amblyopes. METHODS: This was a hospital-based longitudinal study by design. Data were collected from April 2015 to April 2016 in Ophthalmology Department of Dhulikhel Hospital. Presenting visual acuity, chief complaint at presentation, age at presentation, refractive status, binocularity and fixation patterns were assessed in all the children with amblyopia. Improvement in visual acuity was also noted in all the subjects after occlusion therapy, which is a most commonly used modality of treatment for amblyopia. RESULTS: Among 1092 children examined during the study period, 60 (5.49%) were amblyopic. Among them, 35 (58.30%) were females and 25 (41.70%) were males. The mean age at presentation was 8.87±3.29y. Meridional amblyopia was the most prevalent subtype seen in 43.3% (n=26) of children followed by anisohypermetropic amblyopia (20%, n=12). The most common refractive error was astigmatism accounting for 58.30% of the total cases followed by hypermetropia (22.5%) and myopia (7.5%). Compliance with spectacle wear combined with occlusion therapy and active vision therapy was 73.3% (n=44). There was a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes after the different treatment strategies after 3mo (P=0.002). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of amblyopia and associated visual impairment is still a public health issue in developing countries like Nepal. Lack of awareness and lack of community or preschool vision screening for children lead to late presentation and significant visual impairment associated with the condition. The burden can easily be reduced with screening camps, timely referrals and proper interventions.

Progress of autophagy in the pathogenesis of dry age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major clinical blind-inducing eye disease, and its pathogenesis is closely related to the autophagy of RPE cells and the signaling pathway of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Autophagy is one of the common and important physiological phenomena in human body, which is of vital significance for maintaining the stability and metabolism of cells. Nrf2 is a key transcription factor regulating cells to fight against foreign bodies and oxidative damage, and Nrf2 signaling pathway plays a wide range of cell protective functions in anti-tumor, anti-stress and other aspects. With the development of research, it is found that there are extensive interaction mechanisms between autophagy and Nrf2 signaling pathway. Inhibition of autophagy leads to accumulation of p62, which activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway by binding with Keap1 (kelch-like ech-associated protein1). At the same time, studies have also found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other factors also participate in the mutual regulation between autophagy and Nrf2.This paper will review the recent research progress on the interaction between Nrf2 signaling pathway and autophagy in the development of AMD. Hope to provide a new perspective for the treatment of AMD.

Effect of eccentricity of overnight lenses on 2-year axial growth and visual quality

AIM: To explore the effect of eccentricity of overnight orthokeratology (OK) lenses on 2-year eye axial growth and visual quality. METHODS: Based on the degree of eccentricity of OK lenses, patients were divided into three groups: a low degree of eccentricity group (degree of eccentricity ≤0.5 mm), a group of moderate eccentricity (eccentric degree >0.5-1.0 mm) and a group with a high degree of eccentricity (eccentric degree >1-1.5 mm). The degree of eccentricity of the OK lens, spherical equivalent (SE), the uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) after wearing OK lenses, axial length (AL) before and after wearing OK lenses, total higher-order aberrations (HOA), comas, and spherical aberrations (SA) for 3 mm pupils were analyzed. The difference among the three groups for all parameters was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H Rank-Sum test. RESULTS: The study retrospectively analyzed 75 cases (139 eyes). In the low eccentricity group (53 eyes), the mean age was 11.4±2.4y, SE was -3.24±1.48 D, and AL was 24.85±1.01 mm. In the moderate eccentricity group (53 eyes), the mean age was 11.4±2.2y, SE was -3.22±1.29 D, and AL was 25.15±0.92 mm. In the high eccentricity group (31 eyes), the mean age was 11.5±1.9y, SE was -3.54±1.43 D, and AL was 24.95±0.84mm. After two years, there was no significant difference in the changes of the axis among the three groups (P=0.089). The HOA, SA, and coma in the high eccentric group were significantly higher than in the middle eccentric group (P<0.05). The HOA, SA, and coma in the high eccentric group were also significantly higher than those in the low eccentric group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: For OK lenses, it is unnecessary to strictly require the absolute centralization of the lens position. An unnecessary change of the lenses may delay the eye-axis control. However, the balance between axial control and visual quality should be assessed.

Influence of pars plana vitrectomy on ocular surface using noninvasive Keratograph 5M

AIM: To evaluate the influence of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) on ocular surface using Keratograph 5M. METHODS: Totally 30 consecutive patients (30 eyes) undergoing primary 23-gauge PPV were recruited in the study. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was performed. Ocular surface parameters, including tear meniscus height (TMH), noninvasive tear break up time (NITBUT) and bulbar redness score were obtained preoperatively, in 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12wk postoperatively by Keratograph 5M. Correlations between all the clinical parameters were analyzed further. RESULTS: The percentages of both photophobia and gritty within 4wk after PPV were significantly higher than pre-operation, while they decreased to the preoperative levels in both 8wk and 12wk postoperatively. The percentage of sore eyes in the first week postoperatively was significantly higher than pre-operation, but there were no significant differences between the percentages of pre-operation and 2, 4, 8, and 12wk postoperatively. OSDI score increased significantly within 4wk postoperatively, but it returned to the preoperative level in 8 and 12wk. TMH increased with 2wk postoperatively, but there were no significant differences compared with preoperation. Both NITBUT-first and NITBUT-average shortened significantly within 8 weeks postoperatively, but they gradually improved to the preoperative levels in 12wk. Bulbar redness score was significantly higher than the preoperative level within 4wk postoperatively, but it returned to the preoperative level in 8wk. NITBUT-first and NITBUT-average had a significant positive correlation at each visit. TMH had a significant positive correlation with NITBUT-average in the first week postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Keratograph 5M can provide a reliable noninvasive method to assess the influence of PPV on the ocular surface. PPV may cause various changes in both symptoms and signs of ocular surface damages at the early stage, while all these changes will return to preoperative levels gradually in 12wk postoperatively.

Metabolomics analysis revealed acupuncture treatment target the upstream for dry eye disease

AIM: To find out the pathogenesis of dry eye disease (DED) and the possible mechanisms of available effective treatments. METHODS: A non-targeted technology, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), to investigate metabolic characterizations for tear samples from 18 patients with DED upon drug or acupuncture treatment. RESULTS: A total of 190 named metabolites were identified, which presented so far the broadest tear metabolome. Further analysis indicated a significantly distinct metabolomics profile among all patients, but very subtle metabolic differences upon drug or acupuncture treatment. On one hand, only six significantly changed metabolites were determined after drug treatment, five of which including inosine, monopalmitin, urate, propionylcarnitine, and nicotinamide were all increased and involved in inflammatory responses. On the other hand, merely four metabolites including alanine, serine, and homoserine were found to be significantly different. Further pathway analysis of those six and four significantly changed metabolites revealed that only one pathway, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was significantly influenced in acupuncture-treated patients, which were highly associated with the cause of the disease. The results here indicated acupuncture treatment may address the cause rather than the symptoms for dry eye disease, displaying partially better compared with drug treatment. CONCLUSION: Collectively, this work extended our understanding on the key regulatory elements or pathways involved in the potential mechanisms of available effective treatments, and would be useful for providing novel potential targets and therapeutic strategies for DED.