scholarly journals ‘Conquest from barbarism’: The Danube Commission, international order and the control of nature as a Standard of Civilization

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Yao
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Natural World ◽  
International Order ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
The 19Th Century

In recent years, International Relations scholarship has looked back to the 19th century as a watershed epoch for the formation of the current international order and the development of ‘Standards of Civilization’ to legitimate that order. However, limited attention has been paid to the role played by society’s relationship with the natural world in constructing these civilizational standards. This article argues that the control and exploitation of nature as a standard of civilization developed in the 19th century to constitute membership in a civilized European international society. The standard dictated that civilized polities must both demonstrate internal territorial control and uphold external obligations towards other actors. In examining 19th-century political contestations over the Danube River as a natural highway between Europe and the near periphery, I demonstrate that in the eyes of Western Europe, Russia failed to uphold the taming of nature as a civilizational standard, contributing to the delegitimization of its authority over the Danube. In its place, the Western powers following the Crimean War created an international commission to manage the Danube delta — a rational and scientific body to rectify the troublesome absence of civilized authority. These civilizational assumptions underpin the 1856 Danube Commission as an early international organization, and through its success, continue to have implications for today’s international order.

scholarly journals То history of organization of obstetrics assistance in the Russian Army

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Victor G. Abashin ◽  
Yuri V. Tsvelev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Medicine ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sisters Of Mercy ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until now, it was believed that the first experience of using female labor in military medicine dates back to the middle of the 19th century, when during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. a detachment of sisters of mercy under the leadership of N. I. Pirogov worked in the theater of military operations. However, some documents indicate that in peacetime, female personnel in domestic military medicine began to be used much earlier.

Italy's Late and Unprofitable Forays into Empire

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Western Power ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Venetian Republic

Italy's colonial history is better known for its failures (notably the battle of Adwa, the major defeat of a Western power by an African army in the 19th century) than for its achievements. Italy succeeded in conquering a substantial «empire» only in the 20th century, when the traditional colonial powers were already in retreat1. But this has not always been the case. The Venetian republic successfully ruled for many centuries the first «colonial» empire in Western Europe 2.

Capitalism, Jacobinism and International Relations: Re-interpreting the Ottoman path to modernity

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eren Duzgun
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
International Order ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Uneven And Combined Development ◽  
Global Modernity ◽  
Sociological Approaches

AbstractDebates over ‘modernity’ have been central to the development of historical-sociological approaches to International Relations (IR). Within the bourgeoning subfield of International Historical Sociology (IHS), much work has been done to formulate a historically dynamic conception of international relations, which is then used to undermine unilinear conceptions of global modernity. Nevertheless, this article argues that IHS has not proceeded far enough in successfully remedying the problem of unilinearism. The problem remains that historical narratives, informed by IHS, tend to transhistoricise capitalism, which, in turn, obscures the generative nature of international relations, as well as the fundamental heterogeneity of diverging paths to modernity both within and beyond western Europe. Based on the theory of Uneven and Combined Development, Political Marxism, and Robbie Shilliam’s discussion of ‘Jacobinism’, this article first reinterprets the radical multilinearity of modernity within western Europe, and then utilises this reinterpretation to provide a new reading of the Ottoman path to modernity (1839–1918). Such a historical critique and reconstruction will highlight the significance of Jacobinism for a more accurate theorisation of the origin and development of the modern international order, hence contributing to a deeper understanding of the international relations of modernity.

Brazilian Historiography in the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Lima Nicodemo ◽  
Pedro Afonso Cristovão dos Santos ◽  
Mateus Henrique de Faria Pereira
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Personal Archives ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Public Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century

Brazilian historiography in the 19th century stands for a variety of practices and ways of doing history. In the beginning of the century, the writing of history assumed a specific color after the arrival of the Portuguese Court in 1808, who were escaping the invasion of Portugal by Napoleonic troops. After political independence from Portugal (1822), this writing had to deal with the questions that occupied the minds of its authors, people mostly close to or part of the political elite of the country. Forging a nationality through history, dealing with the tensions between local affiliations and the nation-state, placing indigenous and African peoples in the historical narrative, combining an exemplary history with future-oriented thinking, and using history for international relations issues (such as boundaries disputes) were among the motivations and preoccupations involved in that work. Underlying it all, the myriad ways of writing history in the 19th century had to do with the ways the authors circulated among a world of public archives in the making, personal archives available through certain connections, booksellers, publishers, oral informants, and a changing community of readers and critics that were conforming and disputing rules of acceptability as to what could be considered a work of history. Thinking about the Brazilian historiography of the 1800s as a way of combining practices of archiving, reading, copying, writing, and evaluating can help us understand the remarkable variety of histories and historiographical works written in the period.

scholarly journals Geographical Imagination, Anthropology, and Political Exiles

Sibirica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-84
Author(s):  
Tatiana Saburova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural World ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Geographical Imagination ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
Political Exile ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is focused on several themes connected with the history of photography, political exile in Imperial Russia, exploration and representations of Siberia in the late 19th–early 20th centuries. Photography became an essential tool in numerous geographic, topographic and ethnographic expeditions to Siberia in the late 19th century; well-known scientists started to master photography or were accompanied by professional photographers in their expeditions, including ones organized by the Russian Imperial Geographic Society, which resulted in the photographic records, reports, publications and exhibitions. Photography was rapidly spreading across Asian Russia and by the end of the 19th century there was a photo studio (or several ones) in almost every Siberian town. Political exiles were often among Siberian photographers, making photography their new profession, business, a way of getting a social status in the local society, and a means of surviving financially as well as intellectually and emotionally. They contributed significantly to the museum’s collections by photographing indigenous people in Siberia and even traveling to Mongolia and China, displaying “types” as a part of anthropological research in Asia and presenting “views” of the Russian empire’s borderlands. The visual representation of Siberia corresponded with general perceptions of an exotic East, populated by “primitive” peoples devoid of civilization, a trope reinforced by numerous photographs and depictions of Siberia as an untamed natural world, later transformed and modernized by the railroads construction.

The development of nursing care of the sick in Western Europe in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Jerzy Supady
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Napoleon I ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Enlightenment ideology and the French Revolution had a very negative impact on the activities of religious congregations in respect of nursing care of the sick in hospitals in the 18th century. Emperor Napoleon I attempted to improve the existing situation by restoring the right for nursing care to nuns. In the first half of the 19th century, in Germany catholic religious orders had the obligation to provide nursing care and in the 30’s of the 19th century the Evangelical Church also joined charity work in hospitals by employing laywomen, i.e. deaconesses.

scholarly journals In Spite of Dungeon, Fire, and Sword: Peadar Ó Gealacáin and the survival of the Gaelic Irish Literary Tradition

Oceánide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Ciarán Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Literary Movement ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Subsequent Failure

As we advance through the 19th century in Ireland, the Irish Gaelic Literary tradition, one of the oldest in Western Europe, found itself in danger of extinction. The failure of the Irish language to find foothold in the towns and cities, and the subsequent failure of the language’s literary movement to transition itself into the printed mode, left the literature and poetry locked within the oral and manuscript traditions. With the ethnic cleansing of Ireland by Westminster well under way, first through forced emigration and then through famine, a small group of scribes set themselves the mammoth task of preserving this national treasure by travelling the country and writing down the songs, poems, and prose which were the result of centuries of literary effort on the part of the native Irish. By the end of the period the population had fallen from almost 9.000.000 at its height to less than 4.000.000: with no monoglot Irish speakers left. However due to the efforts of this small group of individuals we retain most of our literary wealth. This work tells the story of one of them, Peadar Ó Gealacáin.

El rol de la inmigración alemana en el proceso de formación de la nación chilena

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Gerardo Ojeda Ebert
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Abstract Description ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Great Complexity

The article describes the role of German immigrants in the formation of the Chilean nation in the 19th Century. The processes and problems related to Chile's emergence are of great complexity. The role of German immigrants was also very complex and important. According to Ebert they had great influence on economic, socio-political and military organization, and as well as on shaping of democratic institutions of the state. The presence of Germans in the late 19th Century also facilitated international relations, as it resulted in improved relations with the newly united Germany, which had official policies supporting foreign based Germans. English abstract/description written by Michał Gilewski

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