Head circumference trends in autism between 0 and 100 months

Meta-analyses of head circumference in autistic individuals exist; however, simple meta-analytic approaches are limited. Consequently, we gathered head circumference raw data of autistic ( N = 2381) and typically developing participants ( N = 994) by re-analysing the data from previously published studies together. The present study found no mean difference between head circumference of autistic and typically developing individuals, although simple effect analyses revealed smaller mean head circumference in autistic than typically developing females aged 12–17 months. However, compared to controls, the frequency of extreme head circumference in autistic males was greater at birth and between 60 and 100 months. In addition, the frequency of extremely small head circumference between 6 and 11 months, and extremely large head circumference between 12 and 17 months, was greater in autistic than typically developing males. For autistic females, compared to controls, extreme head circumference was more frequent between 36 and 59 months and less frequent at birth. We conclude that it is imperative to consider the effects of age and sex when investigating the relationship between autism diagnosis and head circumference. This variance was more effectively described via the approach of the present study than previous meta-analytic approaches. Lay abstract Summaries of studies that have measured head size in those with autism, known as meta-analyses, currently exist. However, this approach does not adequately explain extreme cases (such as those with extremely small, or extremely large, head size). Because of this, we obtained all available published data measuring head size (12 studies). The data from each study were then combined to make a larger dataset. We found that females with autism aged 12–17 months had, on average, smaller head sizes. Otherwise, average head size was not atypical in autism. However, we found that males with autism were more likely to have extreme head sizes at birth and between 60 and 100 months, a small head between 6 and 11 months, and a large head between 12 and 17 months. Females with autism were more likely to have extreme head sizes between 36 and 59 months and were less likely at birth. Our approach was able to measure the influence of age and biological sex on head size in autism, as well as the frequency of extreme cases of head size in autism. These results add to what we already know about head size in autism.

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Head Circumference, Mental Retardation and Growth Failure

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.37.2.384 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 384-385

Author(s):

I. KRIEGER

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Body Size ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Head Size ◽

Normal Intelligence ◽

Large Head ◽

Small Head ◽

American Children ◽

Mental Subnormality

A recent publication in Pediatrics (36:62, 1965) by O'Connell, Feldt, and Stickler focused very timely attention on the frequent occurrence of growth failure, small head size, and mental subnormality in noninstitutionalized North American children. The degree of mental subnormality did not correlate with head size; however, children with growth failure and normal intelligence did apparently without exception have a normal circumference for age, i.e., a "disproportionately large head" for body size. An analysis of causal relationships was not possible because of the heterogenous case material.

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Covariation between human pelvis shape, stature, and head size alleviates the obstetric dilemma

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1420325112 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 (18) ◽

pp. 5655-5660 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Barbara Fischer ◽

Philipp Mitteroecker

Keyword(s):

Maternal Mortality ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Head Size ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Pelvic Morphology ◽

Large Head ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Maternal Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Human Neonate ◽

Morbidity Risk

Compared with other primates, childbirth is remarkably difficult in humans because the head of a human neonate is large relative to the birth-relevant dimensions of the maternal pelvis. It seems puzzling that females have not evolved wider pelvises despite the high maternal mortality and morbidity risk connected to childbirth. Despite this seeming lack of change in average pelvic morphology, we show that humans have evolved a complex link between pelvis shape, stature, and head circumference that was not recognized before. The identified covariance patterns contribute to ameliorate the “obstetric dilemma.” Females with a large head, who are likely to give birth to neonates with a large head, possess birth canals that are shaped to better accommodate large-headed neonates. Short females with an increased risk of cephalopelvic mismatch possess a rounder inlet, which is beneficial for obstetrics. We suggest that these covariances have evolved by the strong correlational selection resulting from childbirth. Although males are not subject to obstetric selection, they also show part of these association patterns, indicating a genetic–developmental origin of integration.

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Accuracy of Four Language Analysis Procedures Performed Automatically

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/1058-0360(2001/017) ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 180-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Steven H. Long ◽

Ron W. Channell

Keyword(s):

Automatic Identification ◽

Published Data ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Language Impaired ◽

Productivity Data ◽

Language Analysis ◽

Word Classes ◽

Human Coder ◽

Impaired Children ◽

Metalinguistic Skills

Most software for language analysis has relied on an interaction between the metalinguistic skills of a human coder and the calculating ability of the machine to produce reliable results. However, probabilistic parsing algorithms are now capable of highly accurate and completely automatic identification of grammatical word classes. The program Computerized Profiling combines a probabilistic parser with modules customized to produce four clinical grammatical analyses: MLU, LARSP, IPSyn, and DSS. The accuracy of these analyses was assessed on 69 language samples from typically developing, speech-impaired, and language-impaired children, 2 years 6 months to 7 years 10 months. Values obtained with human coding and by the software alone were compared. Results for all four analyses produced automatically were comparable to published data on the manual interrater reliability of these procedures. Clinical decisions based on cutoff scores and productivity data were little affected by the use of automatic rather than human-generated analyses. These findings bode well for future clinical and research use of automatic language analysis software.

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SMALL HEAD SIZE AFTER IN-UTERO EXPOSURE TO ATOMIC RADIATION

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92145-9 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 300 (7781) ◽

pp. 784-787 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

RobertW. Miller ◽

WilliamT. Blot

Keyword(s):

In Utero ◽

Head Size ◽

In Utero Exposure ◽

Small Head

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HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND GROWTH FAILURE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.36.1.62 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 62-66

Author(s):

Edward J. O'Connell ◽

Robert H. Feldt ◽

Gunnar B. Stickler

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Clinical Impression ◽

Severe Mental Retardation ◽

Small Head ◽

The Mean ◽

Standard Deviations ◽

Mental Subnormality ◽

Age And Sex

The purpose of this study was to re-affirm our clinical impression that non-institutionalized children whose head circumference was below minus 2 standard deviations were mentally subnormal and frequently had growth failure. A group of 134 children with a head circumference below minus 2 standard deviations from the mean were studied, and all but one were mentally subnormal. The most severe mental retardation was noted in the group of children with a head circumference of minus 4 standard deviations or below. We found, as have others, that children with mental retardation have height and weights below the expected norm and that children with a head circumference below minus 2 standard deviations have even lower mean heights and weights. The head circumference of 31 children with growth failure and normal intelligence was normal for age and sex, therefore disproving the concept that the abnormally small child has a proportionally small head. In the child with growth failure, should the head be proportionally small (below minus 2 standard deviations), mental subnormality should be suspected. We feel that the head circumference measurement has taken on new clinical significance in that our data support its use in suspecting the association of mental subnormality in children with growth failure and a head circumference of below minus 2 standard deviations from the mean for age and sex.

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Relationship between hospital or surgeon volume and outcomes in joint arthroplasty: protocol for a suite of systematic reviews and dose–response meta-analyses

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022797 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. e022797 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiang-Dong Wu ◽

Meng-Meng Liu ◽

Ya-Ying Sun ◽

Zhi-Hu Zhao ◽

Quan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Reviews ◽

Dose Response ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

High Volume ◽

Joint Arthroplasty ◽

Surgeon Volume ◽

Published Data ◽

Records Management ◽

Meta Analyses

IntroductionJoint arthroplasty is a particularly complex orthopaedic surgical procedure performed on joints, including the hip, knee, shoulder, ankle, elbow, wrist and even digit joints. Increasing evidence from volume–outcomes research supports the finding that patients undergoing joint arthroplasty in high-volume hospitals or by high-volume surgeons achieve better outcomes, and minimum case load requirements have been established in some areas. However, the relationships between hospital/surgeon volume and outcomes in patients undergoing arthroplasty are not fully understood. Furthermore, whether elective arthroplasty should be restricted to high-volume hospitals or surgeons remains in dispute, and little is known regarding where the thresholds should be set for different types of joint arthroplasties.Methods and analysesThis is a protocol for a suite of systematic reviews and dose–response meta-analyses, which will be amended and updated in conjunction with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Electronic databases, including PubMed and Embase, will be searched for observational studies examining the relationship between the hospital or surgeon volume and clinical outcomes in adult patients undergoing primary or revision of joint arthroplasty. We will use records management software for study selection and a predefined standardised file for data extraction and management. Quality will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the meta-analysis, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be performed using Stata statistical software. Once the volume–outcome relationships are established, we will examine the potential non-linear relationships between hospital/surgeon volume and outcomes and detect whether thresholds or turning points exist.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required, because these studies are based on aggregated published data. The results of this suite of systematic reviews and meta-analyses will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017056639.

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Efficacy of perioperative immunonutrition in visceral surgery: an umbrella review protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053851 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e053851

Author(s):

Karem Slim ◽

Flora Badon ◽

Charles-Hervé Vacheron ◽

Chadli Dziri ◽

Thomas Marquillier

Keyword(s):

Systematic Reviews ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Visceral Surgery ◽

Hospital Length Of Stay ◽

Bibliographic Databases ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Published Data ◽

Umbrella Review ◽

Meta Analyses

IntroductionImmunonutrition (IN) is generally used before major visceral surgery with the intent to reduce postoperative complications, especially infectious ones. However, the conclusions of published meta-analyses are conflicting. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the data of published systematic reviews on the effectiveness of IN.Methods and analysisThis protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols guidelines. This is an umbrella review of systematic reviews comparing IN (delivered orally 5–7 days preoperatively) with normal diet or isocaloric isonitrogenous feeding before visceral surgery performed on any of several viscera (colorectum, stomach, pancreas, liver, oesophagus). We search the systematic reviews included in the main bibliographic databases. To assess the efficacy of IN, several outcomes will be considered: the main outcome is infectious complications (surgical site infections, pulmonary infections or urinary infections) and secondary outcomes are overall morbidity, hospital length of stay and mortality. Identified reviews will be screened by two independent assessors. The methodological quality of relevant included reviews will be assessed using A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) instrument. The data extracted from included reviews will be synthesised using the r-Metafor package considering separate groups according to the viscus of interest. Publication bias will be evaluated, and subgroup analyses will be performed according to the quality of studies and preoperative nutritional status.Ethics and disseminationAn umbrella review based on published data from systematic reviews needs no ethical approval. Furthermore, no patient will be involved in the review. Once terminated, the review will be submitted for publication in an open access journal to ensure wide dissemination of the findings.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021255177.

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Is isolated small head circumference at 20 weeks predictive of FGR or SGA at delivery?

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/j.ajog.2021.11.351 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 226 (1) ◽

pp. S204-S205

Author(s):

Brad Bosse ◽

Madeline Wetterhahn ◽

Erin Bailey ◽

Janine Rhoades ◽

J. Igor Iruretagoyena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Circumference ◽

Small Head

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An apparently non-swinging tentorium in the Diplopoda (Myriapoda): comparative morphology of the tentorial complex in giant pill-millipedes (Sphaerotheriida)

ZooKeys ◽

10.3897/zookeys.741.21909 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 741 ◽

pp. 77-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Leif Moritz ◽

Thomas Wesener ◽

Markus Koch

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Comparative Morphology ◽

Head Size ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Posterior Process ◽

Large Head

The presence of a swinging tentorium is a key apomorphy of Myriapoda, but this character has been studied in detail in only few species. Here the tentorium, i.e., the peristomatic skeleton of the preoral chamber, is comparatively studied in three species of the millipede order Sphaerotheriida Brandt, 1833. Since dissections of the fragile tentorial components proved to be difficult, despite the large head size, they were analysed mainly in situ via micro-computed tomography. Our results confirm previous observations of large differences in the tentorial construction in the giant pill-millipedes compared to chilognathan diplopods. The tentorium of Sphaerotheriida consists of a curved, plate-like epipharyngeal bar with distal projections, an elongate and thin hypopharyngeal bar, and a plate-like triangular posterior process; a transverse bar is absent. Only seven muscles attach at the tentorium in giant pill-millipedes, including two antennal muscles and two muscles of the gnathochilarium. Within the order Sphaerotheriida, the composition of the tentorium and its muscular equipment seems to be conserved, except for some variability in the shape of the epipharyngeal bar. As the transverse bar has been considered essential for the mobility of the tentorium in myriapods, its absence in Sphaerotheriida may indicate that their tentorium is not capable of performing a swing. Loss of tentorial mobility may also pertain to the order Glomerida Brandt, 1833, inferred here from the absence of a posterior process. An apparently immobile tentorium in Glomerida and Sphaerotheriida can straightforwardly be correlated with transformations of the head related to their ability of volvation. The different transformations of the tentorium, here hypothesised to cause immobility, may support current assumptions that the ability of volvation evolved convergently in Glomerida and Sphaerotheriida. This conclusion, however, still requires more detailed studies of the head anatomy in Glomerida and Glomeridesmida Cook, 1895.

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Lack of Oncological Benefit from Bursectomy in Radical Gastrectomy: A Systematic Review

Visceral Medicine ◽

10.1159/000517654 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Pankaj Kumar Garg ◽

Ashish Jakhetiya ◽

Kiran Kalyan Turaga ◽

Rahul Kumar ◽

Andreas Brandl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Overall Survival ◽

Gastric Adenocarcinoma ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Disease Recurrence ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Published Data ◽

Radical Gastrectomy ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Omental Bursa ◽

Meta Analyses

Background: Resection of the omental bursa has been suggested to reduce peritoneal recurrence and facilitate a complete oncological resection during a gastrectomy. The addition of this procedure increases technical complexity and prolongs the procedure. Published data regarding the oncological benefit of this procedure are conflicting. We hypothesized that a bursectomy during a radical gastrectomy does not improve overall survival. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline, a comprehensive literature search of 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) was conducted to identify the clinical studies that compared bursectomy with no-bursectomy in radical gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Qualitative and quantitative data synthesis was performed using RevMan software. A random-/fixed-effect modeling was used depending upon the heterogeneity. Bias and quality assessment tools were applied. The study was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42019116556). Results: Of 8 studies assessing the role of bursectomy in gastric adenocarcinoma, 6 (75%) were included – of which 2 (33%) are randomized controlled trials. Of 2,904 patients, 1,273 (%) underwent a bursectomy. There was no statistically significant difference in either overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.89, 95% CI 0.75–1.06, I2 = 14%) or disease recurrence (HR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.84–1.20, I2 = 22%) in the bursectomy group compared to the no-bursectomy group. Conclusion: There is no additional oncological benefit of adding bursectomy to radical gastrectomy in all patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.

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