Sanzhi–Russian code switching and the Matrix Language Frame model

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1448-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Forker
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The study represents the first attempt to analyze intrasentantial code switching in an indigenous language from the Caucasus (the Nakh- Daghestanian language Sanzhi Dargwa) in contact with Russian. It also tests borrowing/code switching hierarchies that target parts of speech. Methodology: The study applies the Matrix Language Frame model developed by Myers-Scotton to data from Sanzhi. Data and analysis: The analyzed data consist of around 6,000 tokens of natural texts (monologues) produced by six male speakers and recorded in the main settlement of the Sanzhi speech community in Daghestan (Russian Federation). The original data are compared to published data from other languages in contact with Russian. The Sanzhi data are analyzed by means of the Matrix Language Frame model, focusing on intraclausal code switching. Findings: The Sanzhi data can largely be analyzed within the Matrix Language Frame model, confirming thus the ‘Uniform Structure Principle’ posed by Myers-Scotton. However, there are also a few instances of code switching in which embedded language and matrix language cannot be identified, which prevents application of the model. Furthermore, the study replicated findings on borrowing/code switching hierarchies for parts of speech, that is, the preference for insertions of nouns and other parts of speech from the open classes in comparison with the relative scarcity of inserted pronouns or adpositions (closed classes). Originality: This is the first attempt to apply the Matrix Language Frame model to code switching between a Caucasian language and Russian and constitutes a new approach to the study of language contact in the Caucasus and, more generally, to the impact on Russian of minority languages in the Russian Federation. Implications: The results suggest that the Matrix Language Frame model could also be applied to other languages in contact with Russian and with a similar sociolinguistic profile, such as Sanzhi.

scholarly journals Code-Switching (Russian – English) in the Discourse of IT-Specialists from Moscow

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1581-1591
Author(s):  
Margarita A. Burdygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Digital Language ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Impact

The paper proposes a linguistic approach to studying code-switching in IT discourse of Moscovian IT specialists. The topic is of special interest since nowadays code-switching dominates in a number of professional spheres such as informational technologies, marketing and telecommunications. It also becomes a new language for the modern generation and moreover, a necessary tool for establishing contacts and demonstrating community affiliation. This new code exists not only within workplaces but also beyond them, that is why the aim of the article is to present an in-depth research into how IT discourse shapes Russian digital language on the whole. The methodology used for research is the Matrix Language Frame Model by C. Myers-Scotton (1993). The language units, which are represented by code-switches, are also analyzed in terms of their syntactic, morphological features and pragmatic functions. The research carried among more than 200 IT‑specialists provided a thorough understanding of linguistic features and pragmatic functions of the collected code-switches and what is more, proved the impact of the sociolect on the Russian digital language

scholarly journals Evaluating the predictions of three syntactic frameworks for mixed determiner–noun constructions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Duran Eppler ◽  
Adrian Luescher ◽  
Margaret Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Language Membership

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative evaluation of three linguistic frameworks, the Minimalist Programme (MP), Word Grammar (WG) and the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF), regarding their predictions of possible combinations in a corpus of 187 German–English code-switched (CS) determiner–noun constructions. The comparison revealed a significant difference in the accuracy of the predictions between the MP and WG, but not between the other frameworks. We draw attention to the fact that while WG and MP deal with the processes of feature agreement between determiner and noun, the MLF is concerned with a broader notion of agreement in language membership. We suggest that advances in our understanding of grammaticality in code-switching will be achieved by combining the insights of all three frameworks instead of considering them in isolation.

The influence of a supraglacial debris cover on the mass balance and dynamics of the Djankuat Glacier, Caucasus, Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoni Verhaegen ◽  
Oleg Rybak ◽  
Victor V. Popovnin ◽  
Philippe Huybrechts
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Debris Cover ◽  
Dominant Process ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

<p>We have modelled the influence of a supraglacial debris cover on the behavior of the Djankuat Glacier, a northwest-facing and partly debris-covered temperate valley glacier near the border of the Russian Federation and Georgia, which has been selected as a ‘reference glacier’ for the Caucasus region by the WGMS. A calibrated 1D coupled ice flow-mass balance-supraglacial debris cover model is used to assess the impact of the melt-altering effect of various supraglacial debris profiles on the overall steady state characteristics of the glacier. Additional experiments are also carried out to simulate the behavior of this specific debris-covered glacier in a warming future climate. The main results show that, when compared to its clean-ice version, the debris-covered version of the Djankuat Glacier exhibits longer but thinner ablation zones, accompanied by lower ice flow velocities, lower runoff production, as well as a dampening of the mass balance-elevation profile near the terminus. Experiments for warming climatic conditions primarily point out towards a significant delay of glacier retreat, as the dominant process for ice mass loss encompasses thinning out of the ablation zone. The above-mentioned effects are modelled to be increasingly pronounced with an increasing thickness and extent of the superimposed supraglacial debris cover.</p>

Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish heritage speakers

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH FAIRCHILD ◽  
JANET G. VAN HELL
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Spanish Heritage Speakers ◽  
English Noun

Code-switching is prevalent in bilingual speech, and follows specific syntactic constraints. Several theories have been proposed to explain these constraints, and in this paper we focus on the Minimalist Program and the Matrix Language Frame model. Using a determiner-noun picture naming paradigm, we tested the ability of these theories to explain determiner-noun code-switches in Spanish–English bilinguals. The Minimalist Program predicts that speakers will use the determiner from the gendered language, whereas the Matrix Language Frame model predicts that the determiner will come from the language that dominates the syntactic structure in a code-switched utterance. We observed that the bilinguals had slowest naming times and decreased accuracy in Spanish determiner - English noun conditions (‘el dog’), and that adding a Matrix Language did not modulate this pattern. Although our results do not align with either theory, we conclude that they can be explained by the WEAVER++ model of speech production.

Welsh-English code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame model

Lingua ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 1986-2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
The Matrix

scholarly journals Reevaluation of the largest published morphological data matrix for phylogenetic analysis of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marjanović ◽  
Michel Laurin
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Published Data ◽  
12 Steps ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Character Complexes ◽  
The Impact

The largest published data matrix for phylogenetic analysis of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates (Ruta M, Coates MI. 2007. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5:69–122) supported variously controversial hypotheses; e.g., it recovered Seymouriamorpha, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Caudata as paraphyletic and found the “temnospondyl hypothesis” on the origin of Lissamphibia (TH) to be more parsimonious than the “lepospondyl hypothesis” (LH) – though only, as we show, by one step. We report thousands of suboptimal scores due to typographic and similar errors and to questionable coding decisions: logically linked (redundant) characters, others with only one described state, even characters for which most taxa were scored after presumed relatives. Even continuous characters were unordered, the effects of ontogeny were not sufficiently taken into account, and data published after 2001 were mostly excluded. After these issues are improved – we document and justify all changes to the matrix –, but no characters are removed or added, we find (Analysis R1) much longer trees with e.g. monophyletic Caudata, Diadectomorpha and (in some trees) Seymouriamorpha; Ichthyostega rootward of Acanthostega; Anthracosauria rootward of Temnospondyli which includes Caerorhachis; the LH is 9 steps shorter than the TH (R2; constrained) and 12 steps shorter the “polyphyly hypothesis” (PH – R3; constrained). We then added 48 OTUs to the original 102. This destabilizes some parts of the tree, e.g. the positions of Anthracosauria, Temnospondyli and Caerorhachis. Yet, many added taxa have well-resolved positions, ranging from the well known Chroniosaurus (Chroniosuchia), which lies just crownward of Temnospondyli and Gephyrostegidae, to isolated lower jaws. Even though Gerobatrachus, Micropholis and Tungussogyrinus and the extremely peramorphic salamander Chelotriton are added, the difference between LH (R4) and TH (R5) rises to 12 steps, that between LH and PH (R6) to 17 steps; the TH also requires several more regains of lost bones than the LH. Brachydectes (Lysorophia) is not found next to Lissamphibia. We duplicated all analyses after coding losses of bones as irreversible. The impact on the results is modest. Anthracosauria is always rootward of Temnospondyli. With 102 OTUs, the LH (R7) is 10 steps shorter than the TH (R8) and 11 steps shorter than the PH (R9); with 150, the LH (R10) is 14 steps shorter than the TH (R12) – and 13 steps shorter than the PH (R11). Bootstrap values are mostly low, and plummet when taxa are added. Statistically, the TH (R2, R5, R8, R12) is not distinguishable from the LH or the PH, but the LH (R1, R4, R7, 53 R10) and the PH (R3, R6, R9, R11) may be distinguishable from each other under both taxon samples and both reversibility settings. A reliable test is not available. We discuss the relationships of certain taxa, approaches to coding, some character complexes, and prospects for further improvement of this matrix.

scholarly journals Adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osmer Balam ◽  
María del Carmen Parafita Couto
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Distinguishing Characteristic ◽  
Determiner Phrases ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Minimalist Approach ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Attributive Adjectives

Abstract The current study investigates DP-internal adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching (CS). Specifically, we analyze two concomitant phenomena that have been previously investigated; namely, the distributional frequency and placement of adjectives in mixed determiner phrases (DPs). A total of 1680 DPs (477 monolingual Spanish and 1203 Spanish/English DPs), extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with 62 consultants from Northern Belize, were quantitatively examined. This paper is the first of its kind to examine adjectives in the innovative Spanish/English CS variety of Northern Belize, an understudied context where bilingual CS has thrived among younger generations. The distributional and statistical analyses revealed that the avoidance of Spanish attributive adjectives and overt gender marking is a distinguishing characteristic of mixed DPs but not monolingual Spanish DPs, a finding that supports Otheguy and Lapidus’ (2003) adaptive simplification hypothesis. In terms of adjective placement, both the Matrix Language Frame model and the Minimalist approach to CS were able to account for mixed noun-adjective DPs, with the exception of a few cases that could only be predicted by the former model. The present analysis highlights the pivotal role that simplification and convergence play in code-switchers’ optimization of linguistic resources in bi/multilingual discourse.

Gender agreement alternation in Aqusha Dargwa

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Ganenkov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Object Agreement ◽  
Gender Features

Abstract The article discusses gender agreement alternation in Aqusha Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian, the Caucasus, Russian Federation). The phenomenon is observed in periphrastic verbal forms with transitive verbs where gender agreement on the auxiliary can show the gender features of either the ergative subject or the absolutive direct object. Considering existing analyses of the phenomenon in terms of information structure, I argue that agreement alternation cannot be captured by sentence-topic-oriented accounts. I also discuss a structural proposal developed by Sumbatova and Lander (2014) and show that their analysis cannot be maintained in full. Instead, I propose a modified analysis according to which only subject agreement, but not object agreement, results from a cross-clausal referential dependency between the ergative subject of the lexical verb and the absolutive subject of the matrix restructuring verb. On this view, agreement alternation may be assimilated to the familiar distinction between ergative and biabsolutive constructions found elsewhere in Nakh-Daghestanian.

Structural convergence and language change: Evidence from Serbian/English code-switching

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena M. Savić
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Frame Model ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Switching Matrix ◽  
Bilingual Communities ◽  
Source Of Information

ABSTRACTThis study investigates how the process of structural convergence common in many bilingual communities (cf. Clyne 1987, 1994) interacts with the process of code-switching. Data on Serbian/English code-switching indicate that there the process of structural convergence is reshaping the Serbian variety spoken by bilingual speakers. This process is reflected in code-switching situations in the form of what Myers-Scotton 1993b calls “matrix language” (ML) turnover: the matrix language in code-switched utterances can only be assigned if one considers the process of structural convergence occurring in Serbian. These data indicate that code-switched utterances in which the diachronic ML turnover is under-way present a very useful source of information not only for the analysis of code-switching, but also for the analysis of language change under conditions of contact. The findings of this study strongly suggest that any theoretical model of code-switching which aims at achieving universality needs also to take into consideration the results of the structural convergence that affects linguistic varieties in many code-switching bilingual communities. (Structural convergence and language change, Serbian, code-switching, Matrix Language Frame model)

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