A rapid technique for monitoring volatile organic compound emissions from wood–plastic composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taneli Väisänen ◽  
Kimmo Laitinen ◽  
Laura Tomppo ◽  
Jorma Joutsensaari ◽  
Olavi Raatikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Voc Emission ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tof Ms

Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) have numerous indoor applications, including framing, decoration and flooring. However, the impact of WPCs on indoor air quality has not been widely studied. Proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) was utilized to monitor the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a commercial WPC for 41 days since its day of manufacture. Additionally, the emission rates of VOCs from seven different WPC samples were compared and converted into air concentrations to evaluate whether the odour thresholds would be exceeded. The VOCs studied were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, cyclohexene, furan, furfural, guaiacol and monoterpenes. The results from the 41-day test revealed that the emission rates of monoterpenes, guaiacol, furfural and acetaldehyde declined by 75%–93%, whereas an opposite phenomenon was observed for cyclohexene (nearly a threefold increase). The comparison of VOC emission rates from seven WPC samples indicated that none of the samples had the lowest or highest emission rate for every VOC studied. The present results are significant in at least two aspects; this study shows that the VOC emission rates from WPCs can be determined by using PTR-TOF-MS. Furthermore, it seems that guaiacol and acetaldehyde exceed their odour thresholds and therefore humans will be able to detect these compounds from the WPCs studied.

scholarly journals Volatile organic compound emissions from solvent- and water-borne coatings: compositional differences and tracer compound identifications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea E. Stockwell ◽  
Matthew M. Coggon ◽  
Georgios I. Gkatzelis ◽  
John Ortega ◽  
Brian C. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Construction Activity ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Water Borne

Abstract. The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from volatile chemical products (VCPs) – specifically personal care products, cleaning agents, coatings, adhesives, and pesticides – are emerging as the largest source of petroleum-derived organic carbon in US cities. Previous work has shown that the ambient concentration of markers for most VCP categories correlate strongly with population density except for VOCs predominantly originating from solvent- and water-borne coatings (e.g., parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) and Texanol®, respectively). Instead, these enhancements were dominated by distinct emission events likely driven by industrial usage patterns, such as construction activity. In this work, the headspace of a variety of coating products was analyzed using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and a gas chromatography (GC) pre-separation front-end to identify composition differences for various coating types (e.g., paints, primers, sealers and stains). Evaporation experiments of several products showed high initial VOC emission rates and for the length of these experiments, the majority of the VOC mass was emitted during the first few hours following application. The percentage of mass emitted as measured VOCs (

scholarly journals Unexplored volatile organic compound emitted from petrochemical facilities: implications for ozone production and atmospheric chemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 11505-11518
Author(s):  
Chinmoy Sarkar ◽  
Gracie Wong ◽  
Anne Mielnik ◽  
Sanjeevi Nagalingam ◽  
Nicole Jenna Gross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Ozone Production ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Tof Ms

Abstract. A compound was observed using airborne proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) measurements in the emission plumes from the Daesan petrochemical facility in South Korea. The compound was detected at m/z 43.018 on the PTR-TOF-MS and was tentatively identified as ketene, a rarely measured reactive volatile organic compound (VOC). Estimated ketene mixing ratios as high as ∼ 50 ppb (parts per billion) were observed in the emission plumes. Emission rates of ketene from the facility were estimated using a horizontal advective flux approach and ranged from 84–316 kg h−1. These emission rates were compared to the emission rates of major known VOCs such as benzene, toluene, and acetaldehyde. Significant correlations (r2 > 0.7) of ketene with methanol, acetaldehyde, benzene, and toluene were observed for the peak emissions, indicating commonality of emission sources. The calculated average ketene OH reactivity for the emission plumes over Daesan ranged from 3.33–7.75 s−1, indicating the importance of the quantification of ketene to address missing OH reactivity in the polluted environment. The calculated average O3 production potential for ketene ranged from 2.98–6.91 ppb h−1. Our study suggests that ketene, or any possible VOC species detected at m/z 43.018, has the potential to significantly influence local photochemistry, and therefore, further studies focusing on the photooxidation and atmospheric fate of ketene through chamber studies are required to improve our current understanding of VOC OH reactivity and, hence, tropospheric O3 production.

scholarly journals Volatile organic compound emissions from solvent- and water-borne coatings – compositional differences and tracer compound identifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 6005-6022
Author(s):  
Chelsea E. Stockwell ◽  
Matthew M. Coggon ◽  
Georgios I. Gkatzelis ◽  
John Ortega ◽  
Brian C. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Architectural Coatings ◽  
Construction Activity ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ◽  
Us Cities ◽  
Water Borne

Abstract. The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from volatile chemical products (VCPs) – specifically personal care products, cleaning agents, coatings, adhesives, and pesticides – are emerging as the largest source of petroleum-derived organic carbon in US cities. Previous work has shown that the ambient concentration of markers for most VCP categories correlates strongly with population density, except for VOCs predominantly originating from solvent- and water-borne coatings (e.g., parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) and Texanol®, respectively). Instead, these enhancements were dominated by distinct emission events likely driven by industrial usage patterns, such as construction activity. In this work, the headspace of a variety of coating products was analyzed using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and a gas chromatography (GC) preseparation front end to identify composition differences for various coating types (e.g., paints, primers, sealers, and stains). Evaporation experiments of several products showed high initial VOC emission rates, and for the length of these experiments, the majority of the VOC mass was emitted during the first few hours following application. The percentage of mass emitted as measured VOCs (<1 % to 83 %) mirrored the VOC content reported by the manufacturer (<5 to 550 g L−1). Ambient and laboratory measurements, usage trends, and ingredients compiled from architectural coatings surveys show that both PCBTF and Texanol account for ∼10 % of the total VOC ingredient sales and, therefore, can be useful tracers for solvent- and water-borne coatings.

scholarly journals Eddy covariance emission and deposition flux measurements using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS): comparison with PTR-MS measured vertical gradients and fluxes

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 20435-20482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-H. Park ◽  
A. H. Goldstein ◽  
J. Timkovsky ◽  
S. Fares ◽  
R. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Proton Transfer ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Tof Ms

Abstract. During summer 2010, a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a standard proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) were deployed simultaneously for one month in an orange orchard in the Central Valley of California to collect continuous data suitable for eddy covariance (EC) flux calculations. The high time resolution (5 Hz) and high mass resolution (up to 5000 m Δ m−1) data from the PTR-TOF-MS provided the basis for calculating the concentration and flux for a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Throughout the campaign, 664 mass peaks were detected in mass-to-charge ratios between 10 and 1278. Here we present PTR-TOF-MS EC fluxes of the 27 ion species for which the vertical gradient was simultaneously measured by PTR-MS. These EC flux data were validated through spectral analysis (i.e. co-spectrum, normalized co-spectrum, and ogive). Based on inter-comparison of the two PTR instruments, no significant instrumental biases were found in either mixing ratios or fluxes, and the data showed agreement within 5% on average for methanol and acetone. For the measured biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), the EC fluxes from PTR-TOF-MS were in agreement with the qualitatively inferred flux directions from vertical gradient measurements by PTR-MS. For the 27 selected ion species reported here, the PTR-TOF-MS measured total (24 h) mean net flux of 299 μg C m−2 h−1. The dominant BVOC emissions from this site were monoterpenes (m/z 81.070 + m/z 137.131 + m/z 95.086, 34%, 102 μg C m−2 h−1) and methanol (m/z 33.032, 18%, 72 μg C m−2 h−1). The next largest fluxes were detected at the following masses (attribution in parenthesis): m/z 59.048 (mostly acetone, 12.2%, 36.5 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 61.027 (mostly acetic acid, 11.9%, 35.7 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 93.069 (para-cymene + toluene, 4.1%, 12.2 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 45.033 (acetaldehyde, 3.8%, 11.5 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 71.048 (methylvinylketone + methacrolein, 2.4%, 7.1 μg C m−2 h−1), and m/z 69.071 (isoprene + 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol, 1.8%, 5.3 μg C m−2 h−1). Low levels of emission and/or deposition (<1.6% for each, 5.8% in total flux) were observed for the additional reported masses. Overall, our results show that EC flux measurements using PTR-TOF-MS is a powerful new tool for characterizing the biosphere-atmosphere exchange including both emission and deposition for a large range of BVOC and their oxidation products.

A Technique for Measurement of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Rates from Small Salad Crops

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lertsiriyothin ◽  
B. K. Khoo ◽  
J. Lech ◽  
T. G. Hartman ◽  
J. A. Hogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compound ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Voc Emission ◽  
Volatile Organic

scholarly journals A Case Study: The Effect of Flooring Renovation with Adsorptive Cloth on the Residual Emissions of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and C9-C10 Alcohols

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 23009
Author(s):  
Miia J. Pitkäranta ◽  
Timo Lehtimaa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Determination Limit ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Surface Emission ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Storey Building ◽  
Air Concentrations

This paper presents a renovation case study of a multi-storey building with initially elevated indoor air concentrations of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and C9-C10 alcohols originating from PVC flooring. The main aim of the study was to determine the effectivity of renovation that included the use of a novel renovation material, cTrap adsorption cloth, in reducing the surface emissions and indoor air concentrations of the named compounds. Indoor air concentrations and surface emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were measured in the case building before and after renovation according to ISO16000-6 and NT Build 484 standards. The results show that the measured indoor air concentrations of the alcohols decreased to ca. 1/10 of the original concentration, and the surface emission rates dropped below the determination limit after the renovation.

scholarly journals Eddy covariance emission and deposition flux measurements using proton transfer reaction – time of flight – mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS): comparison with PTR-MS measured vertical gradients and fluxes

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1439-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-H. Park ◽  
A. H. Goldstein ◽  
J. Timkovsky ◽  
S. Fares ◽  
R. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Proton Transfer ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Transfer Reaction ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Tof Ms

Abstract. During summer 2010, a proton transfer reaction – time of flight – mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a quadrupole proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) were deployed simultaneously for one month in an orange orchard in the Central Valley of California to collect continuous data suitable for eddy covariance (EC) flux calculations. The high time resolution (5 Hz) and high mass resolution (up to 5000 m/Δm) data from the PTR-TOF-MS provided the basis for calculating the concentration and flux for a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Throughout the campaign, 664 mass peaks were detected in mass-to-charge ratios between 10 and 1278. Here we present PTR-TOF-MS EC fluxes of the 27 ion species for which the vertical gradient was simultaneously measured by PTR-MS. These EC flux data were validated through spectral analysis (i.e., co-spectrum, normalized co-spectrum, and ogive). Based on inter-comparison of the two PTR instruments, no significant instrumental biases were found in either mixing ratios or fluxes, and the data showed agreement within 5% on average for methanol and acetone. For the measured biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), the EC fluxes from PTR-TOF-MS were in agreement with the qualitatively inferred flux directions from vertical gradient measurements by PTR-MS. For the 27 selected ion species reported here, the PTR-TOF-MS measured total (24 h) mean net flux of 299 μg C m−2 h−1. The dominant BVOC emissions from this site were monoterpenes (m/z 81.070 + m/z 137.131 + m/z 95.086, 34%, 102 μg C m−2 h−1) and methanol (m/z 33.032, 18%, 72 μg C m−2 h−1). The next largest fluxes were detected at the following masses (attribution in parenthesis): m/z 59.048 (mostly acetone, 12.2%, 36.5 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 61.027 (mostly acetic acid, 11.9%, 35.7 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 93.069 (para-cymene + toluene, 4.1%, 12.2 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 45.033 (acetaldehyde, 3.8%, 11.5 μg C m−2 h−1), m/z 71.048 (methylvinylketone + methacrolein, 2.4%, 7.1 μg C m−2 h−1), and m/z 69.071 (isoprene + 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol, 1.8%, 5.3 μg C m−2 h−1). Low levels of emission and/or deposition (<1.6% for each, 5.8% in total flux) were observed for the additional reported masses. Overall, our results show that EC flux measurements using PTR-TOF-MS is a powerful new tool for characterizing the biosphere-atmosphere exchange including both emission and deposition for a large range of BVOC and their oxidation products.

Evaluation of Dynamic Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites Using Split Hopkinson Bar Methods

2016 ◽  
Vol 715 ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nishida ◽  
Shun Furuya ◽  
Hirokazu Ito ◽  
Rie Makise ◽  
Masaki Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
High Strain ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
High Strain Rates ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Pressure Bar ◽  
The Impact

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) which consist of wood flour and plastics have been widely used as architectural materials for a long time. However, the impact resistance is not always high and basic mechanical properties at high strain rate are not fully understood. In order to clarify the tensile behavior at high strain rates, split Hokinson pressure bar method was used for WPCs consisting of polypropylene. The effects of mixing ratio on the maximum stress and elongation at break were examined at high strain rates.

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