scholarly journals Coloniality, just war & carceral injustice in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110418
Author(s):  
Sacha Darke ◽  
Omar Phoenix Khan

The Portuguese empire brought inescapable violence to the indigenous communities of Brazil and to those it enslaved. Throughout the centuries of colonial subjugation, driven by the Iberian monarchical traditions of hierarchy, militarism and moral crusade, ‘just war’ narratives were employed to legitimate the use of violent legal and extra-legal measures against enslaved peoples and others deemed unruly or rebellious and a threat to colonial order. Two centuries after independence, Brazil remains at war with its ‘internal enemies’. Its justice practices continue to be characterised by colonial rationalisations. This paper illustrates the contemporary coloniality inherent in the carceral system from the moment of detention pre-trial through sentencing and imprisonment.

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Claudia Maria Pereira de Almeida

<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>Em <em>Éducation européenne</em><em>1 </em>e <em>As pipas</em>, respectivamente o primeiro e o último romances de Romain Gary, a resistência durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial é contada a partir das impressões de dois adolescentes. Entretanto, esses textos não se resumem a narrativas de guerra. Trata-se, na verdade, de reflexões sobre a enorme dificuldade experimentada pelos homens para suportar a estrangeiridade, a diferença e a alteridade. A retomada do tema e dos cenários fecha um círculo na obra de Romain Gary. Os dois livros estão separados por um intervalo de trinta e cinco anos e unidos por inquietações semelhantes. A memória desempenha um papel fundamental: Romain Gary insistia em lembrar as desventuras do homem, talvez com o objetivo de estabelecer um novo conceito de humanidade.</p> <p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Romain Gary; memória; guerra; alteridade.</p> <p class="Pa2"><strong> </strong></p> <p class="Pa2"><strong>Abstract: </strong>In <em>Éducation européenne </em>and <em>Les cerfs-volants</em>, the first and the last of Romain Gary’s novels respectively, the Resistance during World War II is told by two teenagers according to their own impressions. Nevertheless, these texts are not just war narratives; they are rather reflections about the enormous difficulty mankind has to <em>bear </em>the strangeness, the difference and the otherness. The resumption of both theme and scenery closes a circle in Romain Gary’s literary work. The two books are separated by thirty-five years and linked by similar worries. Memory plays an important role in these aspects of the Resistance: Romain Gary insists in recalling the misfortunes of man with the possible objective of establishing a new concept of humankind.</p> <strong>Keywords: </strong>Romain Gary; memory; war; otherness.


2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Ângela Barreto Xavier

This essay discusses the circulation of the language of caste in the Indian world in the context of the Portuguese empire. Caste is an inevitable word in the moment of considering the Indian social system, as well as to compare it with European/Western societies. Since it was a word initially brought by the Portuguese to the Indian world, it is relevant to ask whether the Portuguese played an important role in its transformation into such a relevant social category. Six of the most important sixteenth-century narratives about the Portuguese presence in India, as well as treatises, letters, legal documents, vocabularies and dictionaries of the early-modern period will be under scrutiny in order to identify the variations of the word “casta”, its circulation in Estado da Índia, and beyond it. The analysis of these sources will also permit to understand how Portuguese colonial experience shaped the future meanings of “casta”, and therefore, the ways “casta” shaped Indian society (and not only).


Author(s):  
Ана Кондич

Хотя усвоение языка в раннем детстве в семье является важнейшим условием сохранения языка, многие автохтонные языки мира сегодня уже перестали передаваться внутри семьи. Многие родители считают, что их этнический язык для детей бесполезен, и предпочитают воспитывать детей на официальном языке страны. В статье я сравню ситуации четырех автохтонных языков Латинской Америки, с которыми я работаю: юго-восточный хуастекский (майя, Мексика), цоциль де Сан Исидро де ля Либертад (майя, Мексика), виличе/цесунгун (мапудунган, Чили) и михе (михе-зокеанский, Мексика). Эти миноритарные языки находятся в разных регионах и в разных социальных контекстах. В некоторых сообществах естественная передача языка от родителей детям уже давно прервана, а в других, напротив, внутрисемейная передача языка поддерживается. Из этих четырех языков под серьезной угрозой исчезновения находятся, прежде всего, виличе/цесунгун (мапудунган, Чили) и юго-восточный хуастекский (майя, Мексика), поскольку родители перестали передавать эти языки новым поколениям, лишая таким образом собственных детей их языкового наследства. Первым языком детей в этих двух сообществах является испанский. С другой стороны, ситуация с цоцилем де Сан Исидро де ля Либертад (майя, Мексика) и михе (михе-зокеанский, Мексика) гораздо лучше, так как подавляющее большинство детей в этих сообществах говорят на своем этническом языке и усваивают испанский только в начальной школе. Можно добавить, что в Сан Исидро де ля Либертад, как и в некоторых удаленных деревнях михе, в начальной школе преподавание ведется на их этническом языке. This research was presented at the colloquium “The fate of linguistic heritage: transmitted to the younger generations or lost?” held at the RAS Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in May 2021. My presentation was a short overview of the language acquisition patterns within four indigenous communities in Latin America, speakers of the following indigenous languages: South Eastern Huastec (Mayan, Mexico), Tsotsil of San Isidro de la Libertad (Mayan, Mexico), Huilliche/Tsesungun (Mapudungan, Chile) and Mixe (Mixe-Zoquean, Mexico). I carried out extensive fieldwork and research with these communities (more details can be found in Kondic 2021, Kondic 2021 (forthcoming), Kondic 2015b, Kondic 2014a, Kondic 2014b, Kondic 2011b, Kondic 2010). At the moment my research concentrates on the sociolinguistic situation with the language Mixe (Mixe-Zoquean, Mexico), namely, on their language attitudes. During each of these four projects I produced learning materials to facilitate language teaching and revitalization (Kondic 2009b, Kodic 2016, Kondic 2015a, Kondic 2013b, Kondic 2015c, Kondic 2018b). The materials I produced and left in the communities are now being used for language teaching and maintenance. In this article I am going to present my insight into the patterns of native language learning within the above four communities. Many of Mexican indigenous languages are at present in decline and falling into disuse. Language endangerment often causes interruption in the process of language transmission, and it will be interesting to see what the situation is like within these different languages of Latin America that I had an opportunity to work with.


Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe

The high resolution STEM is now a fact of life. I think that we have, in the last few years, demonstrated that this instrument is capable of the same resolving power as a CEM but is sufficiently different in its imaging characteristics to offer some real advantages.It seems possible to prove in a quite general way that only a field emission source can give adequate intensity for the highest resolution^ and at the moment this means operating at ultra high vacuum levels. Our experience, however, is that neither the source nor the vacuum are difficult to manage and indeed are simpler than many other systems and substantially trouble-free.


Author(s):  
Burton B. Silver

Sectioned tissue rarely indicates evidence of what is probably a highly dynamic state of activity in mitochondria which have been reported to undergo a variety of movements such as streaming, divisions and coalescence. Recently, mitochondria from the rat anterior pituitary have been fixed in a variety of configurations which suggest that conformational changes were occurring at the moment of fixation. Pinocytotic-like vacuoles which may be taking in or expelling materials from the surrounding cell medium, appear to be forming in some of the mitochondria. In some cases, pores extend into the matrix of the mitochondria. In other forms, the remains of what seems to be pinched off vacuoles are evident in the mitochondrial interior. Dense materials, resembling secretory droplets, appear at the junction of the pores and the cytoplasm. The droplets are similar to the secretory materials commonly identified in electron micrographs of the anterior pituitary.


Author(s):  
J. S. Wall

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.


Author(s):  
Oscar D. Guillamondegui

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious epidemic in the United States. It affects patients of all ages, race, and socioeconomic status (SES). The current care of these patients typically manifests after sequelae have been identified after discharge from the hospital, long after the inciting event. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of identification and management of the TBI patient from the moment of injury through long-term care as a multidisciplinary approach. By promoting an awareness of the issues that develop around the acutely injured brain and linking them to long-term outcomes, the trauma team can initiate care early to alter the effect on the patient, family, and community. Hopefully, by describing the care afforded at a trauma center and by a multidisciplinary team, we can bring a better understanding to the armamentarium of methods utilized to treat the difficult population of TBI patients.


Author(s):  
Oliver O'Donovan
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