scholarly journals Capturing the Impacts of Archaeology for Development: Opportunities and Challenges in Evaluating the Sustainable Preservation Initiative in Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180
Author(s):  
Agathe Dupeyron

Archaeology and heritage projects can have profound social, economic, environmental and cultural impacts on the development of communities. Yet, their impacts are rarely articulated or measured in development terms, to the detriment of their accountability, sustainability and replicability. This article explores the potential for a more systematic evaluation of these impacts through the case study of the Sustainable Preservation Initiative (SPI) and their evaluation strategies in Peru. Informed by an evaluability assessment framework, this study highlights the practical challenges in evaluating small-scale projects in the Global South and the scope for overcoming them, appraising how SPI’s contribution to local development can be measured in practice. Development evaluation methods are measured against the practical concerns expressed by project staff and participants. The article reflects on the importance of evaluating the wide-ranging development impacts of archaeology and heritage projects and concludes with practical suggestions for documenting these multifaceted impacts and for further comparative research.

10.1068/c8p ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
T R Hill ◽  
E L Nel ◽  
P Illgner

Africa has a disproportionate share of the world's poorest countries and within this context economically weak states generally lack the ability to provide the ideal level of support and opportunities for their citizens. This paper examines how, in Malawi, a community-based economic development initiative, with the aid of a supportive NGO, has significantly improved rural livelihoods and facilitated market access in the formal market economy. Active government and NGO support for small scale irrigation farming coupled with their encouragement of community development led to the emergence of the Ngolowindo agricultural cooperative which serves as a useful model and example of locality-based development in Africa. After providing a context for the study in terms of both contextual literature and details specific to the Malawian context, the paper examines how the cooperative emerged, how it operates, what role the supporting NGO plays, and how products are sold. The study concludes with an overview of key findings and an examination of the lessons for local development in Africa.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Williams

<p>The global integration of agriculture has increasingly exposed rural groups in Latin America, and other regions of the Global South, to external economic forces. This integration, encouraged by neoliberal ideology, has in many ways exacerbated underdevelopment and peripherality of these regions. Small-scale farmers tend to disproportionately suffer from trade inequality and a range of negative social, economic, and environmental outcomes associated with the integration of agriculture. In response, consumers in the Global North have become more concerned about how food is being produced and to what standards, particularly when production takes place in the South. In part, this has driven the rise of what this research theorises as ethical value networks and linked product labels. Diverse networks and product labels based in social justice, sustainability, quality and origin have been promoted as alternative models to globalised agriculture. It is claimed that these alternative networks assist rural groups otherwise disadvantaged by neoliberal globalisation by facilitating access to higher-value ethical niche markets, while encouraging localised ethical forms of development.  This research critically explores two examples of ethical value networks in South American viticulture. It examines the use of fair trade certifications in Chilean wine and the protected designation of origin mark on pisco from Peru. This research emphasises the importance of local social, economic, and political contexts in the formation and outcomes of ethical value networks. It argues that despite the potential of the two studied networks to encourage local social and community development, entrenched socio-economic inequalities in Chile and Peru have hindered the expected positive outcomes of these ethical value networks. Moreover, this thesis argues that the studied networks have in many ways worsened local rural inequalities by supporting industrial and newer producers while excluding the most vulnerable actors in the wine and pisco sectors. Therefore, although this thesis illustrates the potential capacities of ethical value networks in fostering local development outcomes through product labelling, it also reveals the main limitations of these networks as currently implemented.</p>


Author(s):  
Isabel Dinis ◽  
Pedro Mendes-Moreira ◽  
Susanne Padel

Vale do Sousa is a heterogeneous territory located in the North Region of Portugal. Until a few decades ago, the economy was based on small-scale farming with maize for bread (Broa) as one important crop. Each community had its own maize varieties and practices, which were reflected in the composition, shape, size and flavour of local Broa. In the last decades, the abandonment of agriculture was noticeable, leading to a progressive decrease in maize production and to genetic erosion. More recently, local stakeholders became aware of the important role that landraces and biodiverse food can play in local development and have engaged in finding new opportunities for a sustainable Broa value chain development in Vale do Sousa region. This paper aims at identifying opportunities and bottlenecks in the marketing of regional Broa. It uses a case study approach that, unlike the majority of the research in this area, covers the whole supply chain and includes needs and expectations of farmers, processors, consumers and their networks. The main problem identified by local actors is that traditional varieties are less productive, leading farmers to favour commercial maize varieties less suitable for baking. At the processing level, local actors raised the question of legislation, arguing that, in Portugal, European rules on food safety are not realistically applied to endogenous food products. The results also show that final consumers as well as restaurants recognize the quality of traditional Broa and seem to be willing to pay a price premium to reward farmers for using traditional varieties.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter Williams

<p>The global integration of agriculture has increasingly exposed rural groups in Latin America, and other regions of the Global South, to external economic forces. This integration, encouraged by neoliberal ideology, has in many ways exacerbated underdevelopment and peripherality of these regions. Small-scale farmers tend to disproportionately suffer from trade inequality and a range of negative social, economic, and environmental outcomes associated with the integration of agriculture. In response, consumers in the Global North have become more concerned about how food is being produced and to what standards, particularly when production takes place in the South. In part, this has driven the rise of what this research theorises as ethical value networks and linked product labels. Diverse networks and product labels based in social justice, sustainability, quality and origin have been promoted as alternative models to globalised agriculture. It is claimed that these alternative networks assist rural groups otherwise disadvantaged by neoliberal globalisation by facilitating access to higher-value ethical niche markets, while encouraging localised ethical forms of development.  This research critically explores two examples of ethical value networks in South American viticulture. It examines the use of fair trade certifications in Chilean wine and the protected designation of origin mark on pisco from Peru. This research emphasises the importance of local social, economic, and political contexts in the formation and outcomes of ethical value networks. It argues that despite the potential of the two studied networks to encourage local social and community development, entrenched socio-economic inequalities in Chile and Peru have hindered the expected positive outcomes of these ethical value networks. Moreover, this thesis argues that the studied networks have in many ways worsened local rural inequalities by supporting industrial and newer producers while excluding the most vulnerable actors in the wine and pisco sectors. Therefore, although this thesis illustrates the potential capacities of ethical value networks in fostering local development outcomes through product labelling, it also reveals the main limitations of these networks as currently implemented.</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dos Santos Macedo ◽  
Alan Ferreira de Freitas ◽  
Alair Ferreira de Freitas ◽  
Maria De Lourdes Souza Oliveira

ResumoO artigo procurou refletir se o ambiente institucional que envolve as cooperativas na Mineração Pequena Escala (MPE) favorece a efetividade desta forma organizacional no âmago desta atividade econômica. Sendo assim, o estudo buscou compreender o processo de formalização de cooperativas minerais no ambiente institucional da MPE, para, em seguida, apontar os constrangimentos à formalização e os desafios enfrentados na operacionalização da atividade mineral por essas organizações. O estudo foi caracterizado como exploratório-descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa e método de estudo de casos em duas cooperativas localizadas no Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas 25 entrevistas com dirigentes e associados das cooperativas, representantes do poder público local, do cooperativismo em Minas Gerais e do órgão mineral em âmbito estadual e federal. Os resultados indicam processos distintos de constituição das cooperativas. Enquanto em uma, os garimpeiros se organizaram para se antecipar ao processo de fiscalização estatal, em outra, os pequenos mineradores se constituíram a partir da imposição do Estado. Ademais, os resultados indicam que o processo de formalização e operacionalização da atividade mineral é complexo em função do hiato existente entre aquilo prevê o ambiente institucional da MPE de prioridade e fomento às cooperativas do ramo mineral e a realidade dessas organizações. Nesse sentido, elas enfrentam desafios para acessar o direito mineral e ambiental, as políticas públicas, crédito, assessoria, treinamento, tecnologia, suporte organizacional, entre outros. Esses problemas do ambiente institucional afetam a capacidade de gestão mineral e ambiental realizados por essas organizações, compromete o desenvolvimento econômico e social dos associados dessas cooperativas, bem como dificulta a possibilidade de contribuírem para o desenvolvimento local. AbstractThe article sought to reflect on whether the institutional environment involving cooperatives in Mining Small Scale (MPE) favors the effectiveness of this organizational form at the heart of this economic activity. Thus, the article sought to understand the process of formalization of mineral cooperatives in the institutional environment of SSM, to then point out the constraints to formalization and the challenges faced in the operationalization of mineral activity by these organizations. The study was characterized as exploratory-descriptive, qualitative approach and case study method in two mineral cooperatives located in the State of Minas Gerais. Twenty-five interviews were conducted with leaders and members of cooperatives, representatives of local public authorities, cooperatives in Minas Gerais, and state and federal agencies. The results indicate different processes of incorporation of cooperatives. While in one, the prospector organized themselves to anticipate the process of state control, in another, the small miners, they were constituted from the imposition of the State. In addition, the results indicate that the process of formalization and operationalization of the mineral activity is complex due to the gap existing between what predicts the institutional environment of the MPE of priority and foment to the cooperatives of the mineral branch and the reality of these organizations. In this sense, they face challenges to access mineral and environmental law, public policies, credit, advice, training, technology, organizational support, among others. These problems of the institutional environment affect the capacity of mineral and environmental management carried out by these organizations, it jeopardizes the economic and social development of the members of these cooperatives, as well as hinders the possibility of contributing to local development.


2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Britton ◽  
Ross Wolf ◽  
Matthew Callender

Volunteers operating as ‘sworn’ police personnel with full policing powers are a common feature of policing organizations in many countries, including Special Constables in the UK and Reserve and Auxiliary police officers and deputy sheriffs in many law enforcement agencies in the USA. There has been only limited research into the experience of serving as a volunteer in such policing roles in either the US or UK settings, together with very little comparative research into volunteer officer experience across different international settings. This article presents a small-scale, comparative qualitative case study based upon interviews with volunteers from a Reserve Unit in a sheriff’s office in Florida and with volunteer Special Constables from an English police force, exploring their perspectives and experiences of volunteering in their respective policing organizations. The research identifies key differences between the settings in respect of past experience and volunteer pathways, models of training and confidence of operational capability, development and management of roles, the opportunities to develop specialization for volunteers, and leadership. The article points to the value of comparative research in police voluntarism and calls for more research in this area.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Zarina Che Imbi ◽  
Tse-Kian Neo ◽  
Mai Neo

In the era of digital learning, multimedia-based classroom has been commonly used in higher education including Malaysian higher education institutions. A case study has been performed to evaluate web-based learning using Level 1 to 3 of Kirkpatrick's model in a multi-disciplinary course at Multimedia University, Malaysia. In this study, mixed method research was employed in which triangulation was performed from multiple sources of data collection to give deeper understanding. Students perceived that learning with multimedia was enjoyable. They were also motivated in learning and engaged through the use of web module as multimedia was perceived to motivate them and make learning fun. Students showed significant improvements in their knowledge based on the pre-test and post-test results on learning evaluation. Students were perceived to transfer the learning from web-based learning into the learning outcome. The systematic evaluation can provide the feedback that educators and institution as a whole need to improve the learning environment and programme quality. This study contributes to the research field by adding another perspective in evaluations of web-based learning. It also provides empirical evidence on student perspectives, learning and behaviour in a private university. It demonstrated that the Kirkpatrick's model is useful as an evaluation tool to be used in higher education.


Author(s):  
Albert Saló ◽  
Laia López

Research Question: This analysis arises from the decision of the current local council of Barcelona regarding the postponement of the sporting mega-event ‘World Roller Games’, due to a lack of a social and sportive implication in this event. This research tries to shed some light on the matter and give evidence to the local council to become the world capital of skating. The research question is to analyse whether non-economic impacts could be relevant enough to organise a mega-event.Research Methods: The methodology is based on the perception and experience of spectators and participants on four main impacts (social, economic, sports city image and sports practice) using a survey from a National Roller Skating Championship in Spain, considering that this profile of respondents have a better knowledge of the current situation of this sport.Results and Findings: There are positive expected future consequences of this mega-event to be held in Barcelona in social and sportive terms. We can also conclude that the local council must still introduce some social and sportive policies in the city in order to improve the chances of success in social, sports practice and sportive brand image development.Implications: It is demonstrated that a mega-event should not be seen purely from a perspective of business generation, especially with minority sports like roller skating. There is a clear opportunity to develop social and sportive practice initiatives that can push social cohesion throughout the city thanks to a mega-event such as this one.


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