Emission and performance of a micro gas turbine combustor fueled with ammonia-natural gas

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110050
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Nozari ◽  
Masoud Eidiattarzade ◽  
Sadegh Tabejamaat ◽  
Benyamin Kankashvar
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
No Emission ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Ammonia Addition ◽  
Inlet Conditions ◽  
And Performance

Ammonia as a carbon-free fuel has great potentiality to be utilized in power generation sectors such as micro gas turbines (MGT) to mitigate carbon dioxide emission from combustion systems. It is also easy to store and transport at room temperature compared to hydrogen, and in liquid form has equal volumetric energy density to liquid hydrogen. However, some challenges regarding its NOx pollution and flame stabilization inhibit its usage in these areas which requires further studies. In the present study, thermal performance and NOx emission of an MGT combustor fueled with ammonia-natural gas blends has been analyzed numerically through chemical reactant networks (CRN). The combustor’s inlet conditions are at atmospheric conditions and diffusion flame is stabilized using air swirler. In the first part of the paper, the CRN model has been developed based on empirical and semi-empirical equations. Series of experiments have been carried out to find the required parameters for the CRN model. Also, the results of NOx emission and temperature distribution have been validated with the experimental results. In the second part, effects of ammonia addition to the natural gas fuel are studied for various ammonia percentages using the CRN. The results show that by increasing ammonia molar percentage in the fuel, NO emission rises dramatically and reaches up to 330 PPM, but after a certain threshold (about 12.5 molar percent of ammonia) further ammonia addition reduces NO emission. Moreover, the overall temperature of the combustor decreases with ammonia addition due to lower LHV (lower heating value) of ammonia relative to natural gas. However, the overall efficiency of the combustor does not change significantly. The results also reveal that most of the NO is produced in the primary and secondary zones of the combustor. NO2 is mostly created in the secondary zone of the combustor and comprises about 10% of total NOx emission.

The Marshall Space Flight Center Turbine Test Equipment: Description and Performance

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne J. Bordelon ◽  
William J. Kauffman ◽  
John P. Heaman
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
Test Equipment ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Economical Method ◽  
Flow Quality ◽  
And Performance

Performance evaluations of rocket engine turbopump drive turbines are difficult to obtain from turbopump or engine firings due to measurement limitations and operating point restrictions. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Turbine Test Equipment (TTE) was developed to provide an accurate, economical method of measuring the performance of full-scale turbopump gas turbines. By expanding air at pressures as high as 435 psia (3.0 MPa) to atmospheric conditions, the TTE provides metered air at nominal conditions of 100 psia (0.69 MPa), 550 °R (350 °K), and 15 lbm/sec (6.8 kg/sec) with run times of 100 seconds or greater. A 600 hp (448 kW) direct current dynamometer and gearbox provide turbine power absorption for speeds up to 14,000 rpm. This paper describes the MSFC TTE and its performance including the performance envelope, turbine inlet flow quality, and measurement uncertainty.

Laminar Flame Velocity of Components of Natural Gas

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dirrenberger ◽  
P. A. Glaude ◽  
H. Le Gall ◽  
R. Bounaceur ◽  
O. Herbinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Flame Velocity ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Radial Temperature ◽  
Flat Flame ◽  
Wide Range

Laminar burning velocities are important parameters in many areas of combustion science such as the design of burners or engines and for the prediction of explosions. They play an essential role in the combustion in gas turbines for the optimization of the nozzles and of the combustion chamber. Adiabatic laminar flame velocities are usually investigated in three types of apparatus which are currently available for that type of measurements: constant volume bombs in which the propagation of a flame is initiated by two electrodes and followed by shadowgraphy, counterflow-flame burners with axial velocity profiles determined by Particle Imaging Velocimetry, and flat flame adiabatic burners which consist of a heated burner head mounted on a plenum chamber with the radial temperature distribution measurement made by a series of thermocouples (used in this work). This last method is based on a balance between the heat loss from the flame to the burner required for the flame stabilization and the convective heat flux from the burner surface to the flame front. It was demonstrated that this heat flux method is suitable for the determination of the adiabatic flame temperature and flame burning velocity. The main hydrocarbon in natural gas is methane, with smaller amounts of heavier compounds, mainly species from C2 to C4. New experimental measurements have been performed by the heat flux method using a newly built flat flame adiabatic burner at atmospheric pressure. These measurements of laminar flame speeds are presented for components of natural gas, methane, ethane, propane and n-butane, as well as for binary and tertiary mixtures of these compounds representative of different natural gases available in the world. Results for pure alkanes were compared successfully to the literature. The composition of the investigated air/hydrocarbon mixtures covers a wide range of equivalence ratios, from 0.6 to 2.1 when it is possible to sufficiently stabilize the flame. Empirical correlations have been derived in order to predict accurately the flame velocity of a natural gas containing C1 up to C4 alkanes as a function of its composition and the equivalence ratio.

scholarly journals Development and Integration of the Dual Fuel Combustion System for the MGT Gas Turbine Family

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Ćosić ◽  
Frank Reiß ◽  
Marc Blümer ◽  
Christian Frekers ◽  
Franklin Genin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion System

Abstract Industrial gas turbines like the MGT6000 are often operated as power supply or as mechanical drives for pumps and compressors at remote locations on islands and in deserts. Moreover, small gas turbines are used in CHP applications with a high need for availability. In these applications, liquid fuels like ‘Diesel Fuel No. 2’ can be used either as main fuel or as backup fuel if natural gas is not reliably available. The MAN Gas Turbines (MGT) operate with the Advanced Can Combustion (ACC) system, which is already capable of ultra-low NOx emissions for a variety of gaseous fuels. This system has been further developed to provide dry dual fuel capability to the MGT family. In the present paper, we describe the design and detailed experimental validation process of the liquid fuel injection, and its integration into the gas turbine package. A central lance with an integrated two-stage nozzle is employed as a liquid pilot stage, enabling ignition and start-up of the engine on liquid fuel only, without the need for any additional atomizing air. The pilot stage is continuously operated to support further the flame stabilization across the load range, whereas the bulk of the liquid fuel is injected through the premixed combustor stage. The premixed stage comprises a set of four decentralized nozzles placed at the exit of the main air swirler. These premixed nozzles are based on fluidic oscillator atomizers, wherein a rapid and effective atomization of the liquid fuel is achieved through self-induced oscillations of the liquid fuel stream. We present results of numerical and experimental investigations performed in the course of the development process illustrating the spray, hydrodynamic, and thermal performance of the pilot injectors. Extensive testing of the burner at atmospheric and full load high-pressure conditions has been performed, before verification of the whole combustion system within full engine tests. The burner shows excellent emission performance (NOx, CO, UHC, soot) without additional water injection, while maintaining the overall natural gas performance. Soot and particle emissions, quantified via several methods, are well below legal restrictions. Furthermore, when not in liquid fuel operation, a continuous purge of the injectors based on compressor outlet (p2) air has been laid out. Generic atmospheric coking tests were conducted before verifying the purge system in full engine tests. Thereby we completely avoid the need for an additional high-pressure auxiliary compressor or demineralized water. We show the design of the fuel supply and distribution system. We designed it to allow for rapid fuel switchovers from gaseous fuel to liquid fuel, and for sharp load jumps. Finally, we discuss the integration of the dual fuel system into the standard gas turbine package of the MGT6000 in detail.

9 ppm NOx / CO Combustion System for “F” Class Industrial Gas Turbines

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L. Vandervort
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

The Dry Low NOx (DLN) - 2.6 combustion system has achieved emission rates of lower than 9 ppm NOx (dry, corrected to 15 percent O2) and CO from 50 to 100 percent load for the GE MS7001FA industrial gas turbine on natural gas. The system uses lean premixed combustion with fuel staging for low load stability. The first unit achieved commercial operation in March of 1996 with a firing temperature of 2350 F. As of September 9, 1999, it has accumulated over 11,800 hours of operation in peaking and base load service. Sixteen more units have since entered commercial service. Emissions data are shown for operation on natural gas. The DLN-2.6 system can operate on liquid fuel with water injection for NOx abatement. Power augmentation with steam injection is allowable while operating on natural gas. The premixed gas nozzles utilize swirl for flame stabilization. Aerodynamically shaped natural gas injectors are applied for flashback or flame-holding resistance.

Experimental and Reactor Network Study of Nitrogen Dilution Effects on NOX Formation for Natural Gas and Syngas at Elevated Pressures

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan R. Sigfrid ◽  
Ronald Whiddon ◽  
Robert Collin ◽  
Jens Klingmann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Central Body ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wobbe Index

Gas turbines emissions, NOX in particular, have negative impact on the environment. To limit the emissions gas turbine burners are constantly improved. In this work, a fourth generation SIT (Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery) burner is studied to gain information about the formation of NOX emissions. The gas mixtures for the full burner are limited to natural gas with different nitrogen dilutions. The dilutions vary from undiluted to Wobbe index 40 and 30 MJ/m3. In addition to the full burner, the central body (the RPL – Rich/Pilot/Lean) is investigated. Methane is used to characterize standard gas turbine operation, and a non-standard fuel is explored using a generic syngas (67.5 % Hydrogen, 22.5 % Carbon monoxide and 10 % Methane). Both these gases are also investigated after dilution with nitrogen to a Wobbe index of 15 MJ/m3. The experiments are performed in a high-pressure facility. The pressures for the central body burner are 3, 6 and 9 bar. For the full burner the pressures are 3, 4.5 and 6 bar. The combustion air is preheated to 650 K. The emission measurements are sampled with an emission probe at the end of the combustor liner, and analyzed in an emission rack. The results are compared with previous investigations made at atmospheric conditions. The burner is modeled using a PSR and plug flow network to show which reaction paths are important in the formation of emissions for the burner under the experimental conditions. The measurement results show that the NOX concentration increases with pressure and flame temperature. With increasing dilution the NOX concentration is decreased. For rich mixtures PSR calculations show that the NOX concentration decreases with pressure.

9 ppm NOx/CO Combustion System for “F” Class Industrial Gas Turbines

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Vandervort
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

The Dry Low NOx (DLN) -2.6 combustion system has achieved emission rates of lower than 9 ppm NOx (dry, corrected to 15 percent O2) and CO from 50 to 100 percent load for the GE MS7001FA industrial gas turbine on natural gas. The system uses lean premixed combustion with fuel staging for low load stability. The first unit achieved commercial operation in March of 1996 with a firing temperature of 2350°F. As of September 9, 1999, it has accumulated over 11,800 hours of operation in peaking and base load service. Sixteen more units have since entered commercial service. Emissions data are shown for operation on natural gas. The DLN-2.6 system can operate on liquid fuel with water injection for NOx abatement. Power augmentation with steam injection is allowable while operating on natural gas. The premixed gas nozzles utilize swirl for flame stabilization. Aerodynamically shaped natural gas injectors are applied for flashback or flame-holding resistance.

Laboratory Studies of the Flow Field Characteristics of Low-Swirl Injectors for Adaptation to Fuel-Flexible Turbines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Cheng ◽  
D. Littlejohn ◽  
W. A. Nazeer ◽  
K. O. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Turbulent Flame ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Turbulent Flame Speed ◽  
Partial Load

The low-swirl injector (LSI) is a simple and cost-effective lean premixed combustion method for natural-gas turbines to achieve ultra-low emissions (< 5 ppm NOx and CO) without invoking tight control of mixture stoichiometry, elaborate active tip cooling or costly materials and catalysis. To gain an understanding of how this flame stabilization mechanism remains robust throughout a large range of Reynolds numbers, laboratory experiments were performed to characterize the flowfield of natural gas flames at simulated partial load conditions. Also studied was a flame using simulated landfill gas of 50% natural gas and 50% CO2. Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), the non-reacting and reacting flowfields were measured at five bulk flow velocities. The results show that the LSI flowfield exhibits similarity features. From the velocity data an analytical expression for the flame position as function of the flowfield characteristics and turbulent flame speed have been deduced. It shows that the similarity feature coupled with a linear dependency of the turbulent flame speed with bulk flow velocity enable the flame to remain relatively stationary throughout the load range. This expression can be the basis for an analytical model for designing LSIs that operate on alternate gaseous fuels such as slower burning biomass gases or faster burning coal-based syngases.

Progress in Using Liquid Bio-Fuels in DLE Industrial Gas Turbines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyank Saxena ◽  
William C. Steele ◽  
Luke H. Cowell
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Distributed Power ◽  
Biodiesel Blends ◽  
Distributed Power Generation ◽  
Fuel Flexibility ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Decarbonization of electricity is paramount for the success of curbing growth of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. For many power generation applications there is a growing interest in using bio-fuels to replace fossils-based fuels, such as diesel and natural gas. Bio-fuels, being plant-based fuels, are classified as carbon neutral fuels. Several distributed power generation sites, such as universities, are interested in the feasibility of burning bio-fuels, such as biodiesel and alcohols, in stationary gas turbines to reduce their carbon-footprint as well as earn tax credits. In order to maintain its leadership in fuel-flexibility and to support its distributed power generation customers, Solar has qualified several of its gas turbine models using both the conventional and dry low emissions (DLE) combustion systems on various biodiesel blends. This paper presents results of the combustion rig tests with DLE combustion injectors using biodiesel blends and their comparison with those of No. 2 diesel and natural gas fuels. The emissions (NOx, CO, UHC) from B20 biodiesel blend were similar to that of ULSD, but higher than natural gas. The results are summarized in terms of gas turbines emissions and performance. Impacts of fuel properties on storage, handling and gas turbines operations are discussed. Finally, future development opportunities are also presented.

scholarly journals Mechanical Drive Combined-Cycle Gas and Steam Turbines for Northern Gas Products

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. F. Wobker ◽  
C. E. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Extraction Plant ◽  
Combined Cycle Plant ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Base Load

Gas turbines were selected for base-load operation because the waste heat could be utilized in this natural gas liquid extraction plant. It is the object of this paper to present the operation experience of a gas turbine driving a propane compressor used for base-load operation in a combined cycle. The turbines drive centrifugal refrigeration compressors for the extraction of propane, heavier liquid components, and helium from natural gas. As this is one of the largest plants of its type, the operating experience and performance are outlined. The selection, method of operation, reliability, and maintenance costs of this combined-cycle plant are discussed. It is not practical to generalize on selection of combining prime movers and major machinery for an extraction plant or a mechanical drive combined cycle. Each case must be individually evaluated and is dependent upon its location, application, and economic factors. The conclusion describes the reliability and availability of the combined cycle as borne out by approximately four years of operation.

Investigation of Ozone Stimulated Combustion in the SGT-800 Burner at Atmospheric Conditions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Lantz ◽  
Jenny Larfeldt ◽  
Andreas Ehn ◽  
Jiajian Zhu ◽  
Arman Ahamed Subash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Combustion Chemistry ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Flame Region ◽  
Center Axis

The effect of ozone (O3) in a turbulent, swirl-stabilized natural gas/air flame was experimentally investigated at atmospheric pressure conditions using planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of formaldehyde (CH2O PLIF) and dynamic pressure monitoring. The experiment was performed using a dry low emission (DLE) gas turbine burner used in both SGT-700 and SGT-800 industrial gas turbines from Siemens. The burner was mounted in an atmospheric combustion test rig at Siemens with optical access in the flame region. CH2O PLIF imaging was carried out for four different seeding gas compositions and seeding injection channel configurations. Two seeding injection-channels were located around the burner tip while the other two were located along the center axis of the burner at different distances upstream the burner outlet. Four different seeding gas compositions were used: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and two ozone/oxygen (O3/O2) mixtures with different O3 concentration. The results show that the O3 clearly affects the combustion chemistry. The natural gas/air mixture is preheated before combustion which is shown to kick-start the cold combustion chemistry where O3 is highly involved. The CH2O PLIF signal increases with O3 seeded into the flame which indicates that the pre-combustion activity increases and that the cold chemistry starts to develop further upstream. The small increase of the pressure drop over the burner shows that the flame moves upstream when O3 is seeded into the flame, which confirms the increase in pre-combustion activity.

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