9 ppm NOx/CO Combustion System for “F” Class Industrial Gas Turbines

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Vandervort
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

The Dry Low NOx (DLN) -2.6 combustion system has achieved emission rates of lower than 9 ppm NOx (dry, corrected to 15 percent O2) and CO from 50 to 100 percent load for the GE MS7001FA industrial gas turbine on natural gas. The system uses lean premixed combustion with fuel staging for low load stability. The first unit achieved commercial operation in March of 1996 with a firing temperature of 2350°F. As of September 9, 1999, it has accumulated over 11,800 hours of operation in peaking and base load service. Sixteen more units have since entered commercial service. Emissions data are shown for operation on natural gas. The DLN-2.6 system can operate on liquid fuel with water injection for NOx abatement. Power augmentation with steam injection is allowable while operating on natural gas. The premixed gas nozzles utilize swirl for flame stabilization. Aerodynamically shaped natural gas injectors are applied for flashback or flame-holding resistance.

9 ppm NOx / CO Combustion System for “F” Class Industrial Gas Turbines

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian L. Vandervort
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Fuel Staging ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

The Dry Low NOx (DLN) - 2.6 combustion system has achieved emission rates of lower than 9 ppm NOx (dry, corrected to 15 percent O2) and CO from 50 to 100 percent load for the GE MS7001FA industrial gas turbine on natural gas. The system uses lean premixed combustion with fuel staging for low load stability. The first unit achieved commercial operation in March of 1996 with a firing temperature of 2350 F. As of September 9, 1999, it has accumulated over 11,800 hours of operation in peaking and base load service. Sixteen more units have since entered commercial service. Emissions data are shown for operation on natural gas. The DLN-2.6 system can operate on liquid fuel with water injection for NOx abatement. Power augmentation with steam injection is allowable while operating on natural gas. The premixed gas nozzles utilize swirl for flame stabilization. Aerodynamically shaped natural gas injectors are applied for flashback or flame-holding resistance.

scholarly journals Development and Integration of the Dual Fuel Combustion System for the MGT Gas Turbine Family

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Ćosić ◽  
Frank Reiß ◽  
Marc Blümer ◽  
Christian Frekers ◽  
Franklin Genin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Combustion System

Abstract Industrial gas turbines like the MGT6000 are often operated as power supply or as mechanical drives for pumps and compressors at remote locations on islands and in deserts. Moreover, small gas turbines are used in CHP applications with a high need for availability. In these applications, liquid fuels like ‘Diesel Fuel No. 2’ can be used either as main fuel or as backup fuel if natural gas is not reliably available. The MAN Gas Turbines (MGT) operate with the Advanced Can Combustion (ACC) system, which is already capable of ultra-low NOx emissions for a variety of gaseous fuels. This system has been further developed to provide dry dual fuel capability to the MGT family. In the present paper, we describe the design and detailed experimental validation process of the liquid fuel injection, and its integration into the gas turbine package. A central lance with an integrated two-stage nozzle is employed as a liquid pilot stage, enabling ignition and start-up of the engine on liquid fuel only, without the need for any additional atomizing air. The pilot stage is continuously operated to support further the flame stabilization across the load range, whereas the bulk of the liquid fuel is injected through the premixed combustor stage. The premixed stage comprises a set of four decentralized nozzles placed at the exit of the main air swirler. These premixed nozzles are based on fluidic oscillator atomizers, wherein a rapid and effective atomization of the liquid fuel is achieved through self-induced oscillations of the liquid fuel stream. We present results of numerical and experimental investigations performed in the course of the development process illustrating the spray, hydrodynamic, and thermal performance of the pilot injectors. Extensive testing of the burner at atmospheric and full load high-pressure conditions has been performed, before verification of the whole combustion system within full engine tests. The burner shows excellent emission performance (NOx, CO, UHC, soot) without additional water injection, while maintaining the overall natural gas performance. Soot and particle emissions, quantified via several methods, are well below legal restrictions. Furthermore, when not in liquid fuel operation, a continuous purge of the injectors based on compressor outlet (p2) air has been laid out. Generic atmospheric coking tests were conducted before verifying the purge system in full engine tests. Thereby we completely avoid the need for an additional high-pressure auxiliary compressor or demineralized water. We show the design of the fuel supply and distribution system. We designed it to allow for rapid fuel switchovers from gaseous fuel to liquid fuel, and for sharp load jumps. Finally, we discuss the integration of the dual fuel system into the standard gas turbine package of the MGT6000 in detail.

scholarly journals Dry Low NOx Combustion Systems Development and Operating Experience

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Strand
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Systems Development ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Emission Monitoring ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Low Nox Combustion

It is shown that emissions are becoming significant performance parameters. Dry Low NOx combustion is favourably evaluated in terms of fuel consumption when compared to NOx abatement with water injection or SCR. The conversion of two industrial gas turbines to Dry Low NOx (DLN) Combustion summarised. Four years experience of commissioning and operation of a number of DLN gas turbines is described. Emission levels around 25 ppmv NOx on gas has been achieved. Operation on natural gas is generally very reliable, but some initial problems were encountered. Emission measurements and especially continuos emission monitoring have proved to be unreliable and caused a lot of trouble during the commissioning of some plants.

scholarly journals The Influence of Carrier Air Preheating on Autoignition of Inline-Injected Hydrogen–Nitrogen Mixtures in Vitiated Air of High Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph A. Schmalhofer ◽  
Peter Griebel ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lean Premixed Combustion ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

The use of highly reactive hydrogen-rich fuels in lean premixed combustion systems strongly affects the operability of stationary gas turbines (GT) resulting in higher autoignition and flashback risks. The present study investigates the autoignition behavior and ignition kernel evolution of hydrogen–nitrogen fuel mixtures in an inline co-flow injector configuration at relevant reheat combustor operating conditions. High-speed luminosity and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in an optically accessible reheat combustor are employed. Autoignition and flame stabilization limits strongly depend on temperatures of vitiated air and carrier preheating. Higher hydrogen content significantly promotes the formation and development of different types of autoignition kernels: More autoignition kernels evolve with higher hydrogen content showing the promoting effect of equivalence ratio on local ignition events. Autoignition kernels develop downstream a certain distance from the injector, indicating the influence of ignition delay on kernel development. The development of autoignition kernels is linked to the shear layer development derived from global experimental conditions.

Condition Monitoring of Combustion System on Industrial Gas Turbines Based on Trend and Noise Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Miguel Martínez-García ◽  
Mike Garlick ◽  
Anthony Latimer ◽  
Samuel Cruz-Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Experimental Trials

In this paper, a scheme of an ‘early warning’ system is developed for the combustion system of Industrial Gas Turbines (IGTs), which attains low computational workload and simple programming requirements, being therefore employable at an industrial level. The methodology includes trend analysis, which examines when the measurement shows different trends from the other measurements in the sensor group, and noise analysis, which examines when the measurement is displaying higher levels of noise compared to those of the other sensors. In this research, difficulties encountered by other data-driven methods due to temperature varying with load conditions of the IGT’s have also been overcome by the proposed approach. Furthermore, it brings other advantages, for instance, no historic training data is needed, and there is no requirement to set thresholds for each sensor in the system. The efficacy and effectiveness of the proposed approach has been demonstrated through experimental trials of previous pre-chamber burnout cases. And the resulting outcomes of the scheme will be of interest to IGT companies, especially in condition monitoring of the combustion system. Future work and possible improvements are also discussed at the end of the paper.

The Effect of Water Injection for Emissions Control on Industrial Gas Turbine Combustors

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Antos ◽  
W. C. Emmerling
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Comprehensive Test ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

One common method of reducing the NOx emissions from industrial gas turbines is to inject water into the combustion process. The amount of water injected depends on the emissions rules that apply to a particular unit. Westinghouse W501B industrial gas turbines have been operated at water injection levels required to meet EPA NOx emissions regulations. They also have been operated at higher injection levels required to meet stricter California regulations. Operation at the lower rates of water did not affect combustor inspection and/or repair intervals. Operation on liquid fuels with high rates of water also did not result in premature distress. However, operation on gas fuel at high rates of water did cause premature distress in the combustors. To evaluate this phenomenon, a comprehensive test program was conducted; it demonstrated that the distress is the result of the temperature patterns in the combustor caused by the high rates of water. The test also indicated that there is no significant change in dynamic response levels in the combustor. This paper presents the test results, and the design features selected to substantially improve combustor wall temperature when operating on gas fuels, with the high rates of water injection required to meet California applications. Mechanical design features that improve combustor resistance to water injection-induced thermal gradients also are presented.

Coal-Water Slurry Testing of an Industrial Gas Turbine

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Wenglarz ◽  
C. Wilkes ◽  
R. C. Bourke ◽  
H. C. Mongia
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Water Slurry ◽  
Coal Water Slurry ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

This paper describes the first test of an industrial gas turbine and low emissions combustion system on coal-water-slurry fuel. The engine and combustion system have been developed over the past five years as part of the Heat Engines program sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The engine is a modified Allison 501-K industrial gas turbine designed to produce 3.5 MW of electrical power when burning natural gas or distillate fuel. Full load power output increases to approximately 4.9 MW when burning coal-water slurry as a result of additional turbine mass flow rate. The engine has been modified to accept an external staged combustion system developed specifically for burning coal and low quality ash-bearing fuels. Combustion staging permits the control of NOx from fuel-bound nitrogen while simultaneously controlling CO emissions. Water injection freezes molten ash in the quench zone located between the rich and lean zones. The dry ash is removed from the hot gas stream by two parallel cyclone separators. This paper describes the engine and combustor system modifications required for running on coal and presents the emissions and turbine performance data from the coal-water slurry testing. Included is a discussion of hot gas path ash deposition and planned future work that will support the commercialization of coal-fired gas turbines.

7H™ Combustion System Performance With Fuel Moisturization

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Feigl ◽  
Geoff Myers ◽  
Stephen R. Thomas ◽  
Raub Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Efficiency Performance ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine ◽  
Cycle Efficiency ◽  
Full Pressure

This paper describes the concept and benefits of the fuel moisturization system for the GE H System™ steam-cooled industrial gas turbine. The DLN2.5H combustion system and fuel moisturization system are both described, along with the influence of fuel moisture on combustor performance as measured during full-scale, full-pressure rig testing of the DLN2.5H combustion system. The lean, premixed DLN2.5H combustion system was targeted to deliver single-digit NOx and CO emissions from 40% to 100% combined cycle load in both the Frame 7H (60 Hz) and Frame 9H (50 Hz) heavy-duty industrial gas turbines. These machines are also designed to yield a potential combined-cycle efficiency of 60 percent or higher. Fuel moisturization contributes to the attainment of both the NOx and the combined-cycle efficiency performance goals, as discussed in this paper.

The Effects of Inerts on Emissions and Performance of an Industrial Engine

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Rajput ◽  
P. J. Hurd ◽  
R. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Thermodynamic Performance ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Emissions And Performance

Gaseous fuels such as landfill gas contain significant quantities of inerts, typically CO2 and N2. This can lead to difficulties in predicting the emission and thermodynamic performance of industrial gas turbines. An algorithm has been developed to predict emissions of NOx for known quantities of inerts and effects on performance quantified. The effect of steam injection is compared to that of inerts and a relationship established.

Investigation of Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas Flames in a SGT-700/800 Burner Using OH PLIF and Chemiluminescence Imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Lantz ◽  
Robert Collin ◽  
Marcus Aldén ◽  
Annika Lindholm ◽  
Jenny Larfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Flame Front ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Burner Exit ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Dynamic Pressure Measurements

The effect of hydrogen enrichment to natural gas flames was experimentally investigated at atmospheric pressure conditions using flame chemiluminescence imaging, planar laser-induced fluorescence of hydroxyl radicals (OH PLIF), and dynamic pressure monitoring. The experiments were performed using a third generation dry low emission (DLE) burner used in both SGT-700 and SGT-800 industrial gas turbines from Siemens. The burner was mounted in an atmospheric combustion test rig at Siemens with optical access in the flame region. Four different hydrogen enriched natural gas flames were investigated; 0 vol. %, 30 vol. %, 60 vol. %, and 80 vol. % of hydrogen. The results from flame chemiluminescence imaging and OH PLIF show that the size and shape of the flame was clearly affected by hydrogen addition. The flame becomes shorter and narrower when the amount of hydrogen is increased. For the 60 vol. % and 80 vol. % hydrogen flames the flame has moved upstream and the central recirculation zone that anchors the flame has moved upstream the burner exit. Furthermore, the position of the flame front fluctuated more for the full premixed flame with only natural gas as fuel than for the hydrogen enriched flames. Measurements of pressure drop over the burner show an increase with increased hydrogen in the natural gas despite same air flow thus confirming the observation that the flame front moves upstream toward the burner exit and thereby increasing the blockage of the exit. Dynamic pressure measurements in the combustion chamber wall confirms that small amounts of hydrogen in natural gas changes the amplitude of the dynamic pressure fluctuations and initially dampens the axial mode but at higher levels of hydrogen an enhancement of a transversal mode in the combustion chamber at higher frequencies could occur.

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