Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Trauma Among Young People Who Offend: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110131
Author(s):  
Catia G. Malvaso ◽  
Jesse Cale ◽  
Tyson Whitten ◽  
Andrew Day ◽  
Sara Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
English Language ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Offending Behavior ◽  
Adverse Childhood

This systematic review synthesized current knowledge about the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among young people known to have offended and examined evidence of associations between ACEs, trauma symptoms, and offending behavior. A systematic search of English-language, peer-reviewed studies published from the year 2000 onwards was conducted. A final pool of 124 studies that reported quantitative data were included in the review. The Cambridge Quality Checklist for the assessment of studies on offending was used to assess methodological quality of included studies. Pooled data indicated that almost 87% of justice-involved young people across 13 countries experienced at least one traumatic event. The odds of experiencing at least one ACE were over 12 times greater for justice-involved young people compared with nonjustice-involved young people. Prevalence of individual ACEs ranged from 12.2% for childhood sexual abuse to 80.4% for parental separation among justice-involved young people. Those who reported both a higher number and multiple types of ACEs were more likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress symptoms. However, when considering only high-quality studies, there was minimal evidence to suggest that a higher incidence of ACEs predicted trauma symptoms or that trauma symptoms mediated the association between ACEs and offending behavior. Further research is needed to elucidate factors that differentiate young people exposed to ACEs who go on to offend from those who do not. This research is essential to understanding whether ACEs and trauma are drivers of offending behavior and for informing prevention and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Factors Predictive of Behavioural and Emotional Dysfunction in Adolescents in a Secure Children’s Home

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Daniel R. Stubbings ◽  
Karen De Claire
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Early Interventions ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Emotional Dysfunction ◽  
Children's Home

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate what factors are predictive of behavioural and emotional dysfunction in adolescence. A sample of 60 young people accommodated under a welfare or youth custody service order in a UK secure children’s home between 2016 and 2018 was used. Data regarding young people’s Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE’s) history, scores on standard assessments and factors thought to indicate behavioural and emotional dysfunction were collected from file information. Correlations and regression models were used to analyse the data. Analyses found that young people in this setting had been exposed to more ACEs than the general population. Furthermore, signs of behavioural and emotional dysfunction as a result of exposure to ACE’s appeared to be present from early adolescence. It was found that exposure to verbal and sexual abuse were the greatest predictors of involvement in risk incidents. The young person’s substance misuse habits were the best predictor of the length of stay in the secure children’s home. These findings may have policy implications and highlight the need for early interventions with young people exposed to ACE’s.

scholarly journals Identifying Targets for Substance Use Prevention in Young People Exposed to Childhood Adversity: Protocol for a Systematic Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucinda Rachel Grummitt ◽  
Erin Veronica Kelly ◽  
Emma Louise Barrett ◽  
Katherine M Keyes ◽  
Nicola Clare Newton
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Substance Use Prevention ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences are prevalent robust risk factors for the development of substance use problems. However, less is known about the causal mechanisms that explain these relationships. While directly preventing adverse childhood experiences is ideal, it is not always possible. In such cases, the mechanisms themselves may be amenable to intervention, allowing for the effective prevention of problematic substance use among children exposed to adversity. Identifying such mechanisms is therefore a critical step for efforts aiming to reduce the high individual and societal burdens associated with substance use globally. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically identify and synthesize evidence on the modifiable mediators and moderators of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and substance use outcomes in young people (age 10-24 years). METHODS A systematic review will be conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases to determine the modifiable mediators and moderators of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and substance use in young people. Data from the review will be qualitatively synthesized, unless we identify a sufficient number of studies (at least five) that examine the same type of adversity (eg, physical or sexual abuse) and the same mediator/moderator, in which case a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) will be conducted. If a quantitative synthesis is warranted, standardized effect estimates of the indirect (mediated) effect between adverse childhood experiences and substance use outcomes will be combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. Mediators/moderators will be grouped according to a socioecological perspective, using the four levels of individual, interpersonal, community, and public policy/culture. RESULTS Electronic searches were completed in August 2019. A total of 4004 studies were included for screening after removing duplicates. After evaluating titles and abstracts against eligibility criteria, a further 3590 studies were excluded, leaving 415 studies for full-text screening. The results of the review are expected to be available by December 2020. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences and substance use outcomes in young people are vital targets for substance use prevention efforts. This review will provide evidence to inform the development of prevention strategies in order to interrupt the negative life trajectory that can begin with childhood adversity. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020148773; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020148773 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/22368

scholarly journals Building Resilience Through Sport in Young People With Adverse Childhood Experiences

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Norris ◽  
Heather Norris
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Review Current

Interventions focused on young people at risk of anti-social and criminal behaviour frequently involve physical exercise and/or participation in sporting activities as a primary vehicle to bring about behavioural change in both the short to medium term. Anecdotal evidence suggests that sporting activities positively influence individual well-being alongside a sense of purpose and belonging centred around sporting clubs and activities. Empirically, participation in sport has been identified as a key resilience factor for young people with numerous Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and investment and policy initiatives target investment in these opportunities. However, the psychological mechanisms which underpin these improvements in well-being and building of resilience are less clearly articulated. This article will review current and developing research in this field to synthesise future applications of sport-related interventions with young people, with a particular emphasis on furthering understanding of the pathways to capacity building at individual and community level which sport and exercise can generate.

scholarly journals ‘Steeling’ Young People: Resilience and Youth Policy in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Davidson ◽  
Eric Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Youth Policy ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood

This article examines the growth of resilience-focused youth policy in Scotland, and its association with the proliferation of the ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) agenda. To do this, it critically compares policy discourse with qualitative data on young people’s experiences of growing up in two similar, low-income neighbourhoods. This combination leads us to problematise resilience-informed practice, relative to the voices of young people. Our review demonstrates that by emphasising individual protective factors, resilience discourse reframes inequalities embedded within certain neighbourhoods, and the specific impacts on young people who live there. The consequence is not an assets-based youth policy that supports all young people, but rather a form of resilience which promotes the ‘steeling’ of young people; making them stronger and more resistant to adversities. These adversities, we conclude, may be preventable within a more just social order.

scholarly journals Ethical issues in participatory arts methods for young people with adverse childhood experiences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Pavarini ◽  
Lindsay M. Smith ◽  
Nicola Shaughnessy ◽  
Anna Mankee‐Williams ◽  
Josita Kavitha Thirumalai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Participatory Arts

All in the Family? Exploring the Intergenerational Transmission of Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Effect on Offending Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 154120402110036
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Craig ◽  
Catia Malvaso ◽  
David P. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Offending Behavior ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data

Research indicates that individuals with Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are more likely to offend, and that some ACEs, such as offending and child maltreatment, are transmitted from one generation to the next. However, the extent to which ACEs are transferred across generations and its subsequent impact on offending has not been examined. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, this study examined the intergenerational transmission of ACEs and the extent to which this was associated with offending in the second generation. Although parental ACEs increased the likelihood of the subsequent generation’s ACEs, other risk factors attenuated this effect. Additionally, ACEs’ impact on the second generation’s convictions was also weakened after controlling for other risk factors. This provides evidence of intergenerational transmission of ACEs and additionally the effects of ACEs on the risk of offending. However, these associations are not straightforward and other risk factors likely play an important role in elucidating these relationships.

What support do young people affected by adverse childhood experiences need?

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n2608
Author(s):  
Helen Saul ◽  
Deniz Gursul
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young People ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Support Needs ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Adverse Childhood

The study Lester S, Khatwa M, Sutcliffe K. Service needs of young people affected by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): A systematic review of UK qualitative evidence. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020;118:105429. To read the full NIHR Alert, go to https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/support-needs-of-young-people-affected-by-adverse-childhood-experiences/

Virtual Reality (VR) as Medical Prevention of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-77
Author(s):  
Anastasia Miron
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Beneficial Uses ◽  
Traumatic Stress Disorders ◽  
Post Traumatic

This chapter identifies numerous cases on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their link with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). It explores the use of virtual reality (VR) as a clinical tool in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of ACEs. The emotional, physical, psychological and cognitive demands of a child going through ACEs are discussed using scientific researchers. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the beneficial uses of virtual reality (VR) in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ACEs.

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