School Strictness and Disproportionate Minority Contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miner P. “Trey” Marchbanks ◽  
Anthony A. Peguero ◽  
Kay S. Varela ◽  
Jamilia J. Blake ◽  
John Major Eason
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Suburban Schools ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Disproportionate Minority Contact ◽  
Discipline Practices ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
School Discipline Practices ◽  
The Relationship

There are racial and ethnic disparities associated with school discipline practices and juvenile justice contact. In addition, research suggests that stricter school discipline practices and disproportionate minority contact for minority youth are relatively more prevalent in urban areas. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between race and ethnicity, school discipline practices, and juvenile justice referrals across urban, rural, and suburban schools. Therefore, this study draws from the Texas Education Agency’s Public Education Information Management System to investigate the relationship between school discipline practices and juvenile justice contact with a focus on racial and ethnic disparities in urban, rural, and suburban schools. Findings indicate that both stringent and lenient school discipline practices have effects on juvenile justice referrals as well as racial and ethnic disparities across distinct school locations; however, there are important and distinctive nuances that are presented and examined.

School Strictness and Education: Investigating Racial and Ethnic Educational Inequalities Associated with Being Pushed Out

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay S. Varela ◽  
Anthony A. Peguero ◽  
John M. Eason ◽  
Miner P. “Trey” Marchbanks ◽  
Jamilia Blake
Keyword(s):  
School Discipline ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
School Contexts ◽  
Discipline Practices ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
School Discipline Practices ◽  
The Relationship

There are racial and ethnic disparities associated with school discipline practices and pushout rates. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school discipline practices and higher pushout rates. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between racial and ethnic inequality, school discipline practices, and pushout rates across urban, rural, and suburban schools. Therefore, this study draws from the Texas Education Agency’s (TEA) Public Education Information Management System (PEIMS) to address two questions about the relationship between racial and ethnic inequality, school punishment practices, and academic progress that remain unanswered by the previous literature. First, is the relationship between stringent or lenient discipline practices and pushout rates similar in urban, rural, and suburban school contexts? Second, is the relationship between stringent or lenient discipline practices in urban, rural, and suburban contexts associated with racial and ethnic differences in pushout rates? This study seeks to contribute to racial and ethnic educational inequality research by investigating if there is a relationship between school discipline practices and pushout rates and establishing if there are racial and ethnic differences in urban, rural, and suburban contexts. Findings indicate that there are significant racial and ethnic disparities in pushout rates across all school contexts, particularly for Black/African American and Latina/o American students. Findings indicate that both stringent and lenient school punishment practices have effects on pushout rates; however, there are important and distinctive nuances that are presented and examined.

Have Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Justice Declined Over Time? An Empirical Assessment of the DMC Mandate

2020 ◽  
pp. 154120402096216
Author(s):  
Steven N. Zane
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Implementation Failure ◽  
Theory Failure ◽  
Hispanic White ◽  
Final Disposition ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Research And Policy

The present study examines whether racial and ethnic disparities in juvenile justice declined significantly in a state that has made substantial reform efforts in compliance with the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) mandate. Using a sample of all referrals in Connecticut with final disposition in 2000 (N = 18,458) or 2010 (N = 12,265), the study employed multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions to assess whether disparities changed over time for five outcomes: detention, petition, adjudication, commitment, and waiver to criminal court. Findings indicated that Black-White disparities in detention decreased over time, while Black-White disparities increased for petition, adjudication, and waiver. Findings also indicated that Hispanic-White disparities increased for adjudication (while not changing for other outcomes). The limited success of the DMC mandate may be explained by implementation failure or theory failure. Adjudicating between these alternative explanations is needed to guide future reform efforts. Several implications for research and policy are discussed, including whether reform efforts should focus on overall harm reduction rather than proportional representation.

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN REDUCING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Criminal Justice Reform ◽  
Juvenile Justice Policy ◽  
Policies And Practices

AbstractIn recent years, we have witnessed various efforts by the federal government to advance our justice system and improve public safety. Collaborations across justice and service agencies and research on what works in criminal justice policy have been central in criminal justice reform activities. Within the juvenile justice arena, reducing rates of victimization and delinquency, as well as implementing strategies to reduce racial and ethnic disparities remain priorities. In this essay, I discuss how research on neuroscience and brain development, and racial and ethnic disparities in justice system outcomes has informed juvenile justice policy and procedural protections for youth. I also review how school policies and practices can perpetuate racial and ethnic disparities in justice outcomes. Throughout the essay, I discuss the federal government’s role in supporting research to advance policies and practices designed to reduce these harms. I highlight the implications of these activities and ways in which data and research can continue to play a key role in realizing equal opportunity and justice for all youth, especially as they are the most vulnerable members of society.

scholarly journals An Agenda for Addressing Multimorbidity and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 153331752096087
Author(s):  
Ana R. Quiñones ◽  
Jeffrey Kaye ◽  
Heather G. Allore ◽  
Anda Botoseneanu ◽  
Stephen M. Thielke
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

Advancements in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) research on the U.S. population acknowledge the importance of the high burden of ADRD on segments of the population and yet-to-be characterized risks attributable to the burden of multiple chronic diseases (multimorbidity). These realizations suggest successful strategies in caring for people with ADRD and their caregivers will rely not only on clinical treatments but also on more refined and comprehensive models of ADRD that take its broad effects on the whole-person and the whole of society into consideration. To this end, it is critical to characterize and address the relationship between ADRD and multimorbidity combinations that complicate care and lead to poor outcomes, particularly with regard to racial and ethnic disparities in the occurrence, course, and effects of ADRD. Several research and policy recommendations are presented to address the intersection of ADRD, multimorbidity, and underrepresented populations most at risk for adverse outcomes.

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