School Strictness and Education: Investigating Racial and Ethnic Educational Inequalities Associated with Being Pushed Out

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay S. Varela ◽  
Anthony A. Peguero ◽  
John M. Eason ◽  
Miner P. “Trey” Marchbanks ◽  
Jamilia Blake
Keyword(s):  
School Discipline ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
School Contexts ◽  
Discipline Practices ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
School Discipline Practices ◽  
The Relationship

There are racial and ethnic disparities associated with school discipline practices and pushout rates. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school discipline practices and higher pushout rates. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between racial and ethnic inequality, school discipline practices, and pushout rates across urban, rural, and suburban schools. Therefore, this study draws from the Texas Education Agency’s (TEA) Public Education Information Management System (PEIMS) to address two questions about the relationship between racial and ethnic inequality, school punishment practices, and academic progress that remain unanswered by the previous literature. First, is the relationship between stringent or lenient discipline practices and pushout rates similar in urban, rural, and suburban school contexts? Second, is the relationship between stringent or lenient discipline practices in urban, rural, and suburban contexts associated with racial and ethnic differences in pushout rates? This study seeks to contribute to racial and ethnic educational inequality research by investigating if there is a relationship between school discipline practices and pushout rates and establishing if there are racial and ethnic differences in urban, rural, and suburban contexts. Findings indicate that there are significant racial and ethnic disparities in pushout rates across all school contexts, particularly for Black/African American and Latina/o American students. Findings indicate that both stringent and lenient school punishment practices have effects on pushout rates; however, there are important and distinctive nuances that are presented and examined.

School Strictness and Disproportionate Minority Contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miner P. “Trey” Marchbanks ◽  
Anthony A. Peguero ◽  
Kay S. Varela ◽  
Jamilia J. Blake ◽  
John Major Eason
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
School Discipline ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Suburban Schools ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Disproportionate Minority Contact ◽  
Discipline Practices ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
School Discipline Practices ◽  
The Relationship

There are racial and ethnic disparities associated with school discipline practices and juvenile justice contact. In addition, research suggests that stricter school discipline practices and disproportionate minority contact for minority youth are relatively more prevalent in urban areas. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between race and ethnicity, school discipline practices, and juvenile justice referrals across urban, rural, and suburban schools. Therefore, this study draws from the Texas Education Agency’s Public Education Information Management System to investigate the relationship between school discipline practices and juvenile justice contact with a focus on racial and ethnic disparities in urban, rural, and suburban schools. Findings indicate that both stringent and lenient school discipline practices have effects on juvenile justice referrals as well as racial and ethnic disparities across distinct school locations; however, there are important and distinctive nuances that are presented and examined.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Covid-19 Illness Severity Accounting for Concomitant Comorbidities: A Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Ji ◽  
Natalie Achamallah ◽  
Nancy Sun ◽  
Patrick Botting ◽  
Peter Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Illness Severity ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Illness Severity Score ◽  
Differential Timing

Abstract Background Multiple reports have highlighted important racial and ethnic differences in the degree to which Americans may be vulnerable to severe forms of Covid-19 illness. Whether or not racial or ethnic disparities are related to variations in the underlying burden of comorbidities or other predisposing factors remains unclear.Methods We identified patients diagnosed with Covid-19, based on a positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2, from the electronic health record of a large multi-hospital system located in Southern California. We developed an illness severity score, based on the level of care each patient required (not admitted to the hospital; required hospital admission but never required intensive care; required intensive level care but never intubation; and, required intubation during hospitalization) and assessed for associations with clinical and demographic factors for each patient using ordinal logistic regression.Results A total of 571 patients with Covid-19 were identified a majority of whom were male (56%), with a mean age of 55±21 years. There were 81 (14%) patient who identified as African American, and 101 (18%) as Hispanic. A total of 202 (36%) patients required hospitalization without need for intensive care, 43 (8%) required intensive care without intubation, and 64 (11%) required intubation while also receiving intensive care. Of the total sample, African American race (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.44-3.78, P=0.001) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.14-3.12, P=0.004) were associated with greater illness severity.Conclusions Racial and ethnic disparities in the severity of Covid-19 illness persist, even when controlling for baseline comorbidities. It remains unclear if these differences are related to variations in physiologic response to SARS-CoV-2, differential timing of presentation or disparities in care.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of High-Volume Hospitals

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford H. Gray ◽  
Mark Schlesinger ◽  
Shannon Mitchell Siegfried ◽  
Emily Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Major Metropolitan Area ◽  
High Volume Hospital ◽  
Positive Volume ◽  
Source Of Care

Differences in the source of care could contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in health status. This study looks at a major metropolitan area and examines racial and ethnic differences in the use of high-volume hospitals for 17 services for which there is a documented positive volume-outcome relationship. Focusing on the hospitalizations of New York City area residents in the periods 1995-1996 and 2001–2002, we found, after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, insurance coverage, proximity of residence to a high-volume hospital, and paths to hospitalization, that minority patients were significantly less likely than whites to be treated at high-volume hospitals for most volume-sensitive services. The largest disparities were between blacks and whites for cancer surgeries and cardiovascular procedures.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Birth Outcomes and Labor and Delivery Charges Among Massachusetts Women With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Ilhom Akobirshoev ◽  
Monika Mitra ◽  
Susan L. Parish ◽  
Anne Valentine ◽  
Tiffany A. Moore Simas
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Labor And Delivery ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Understanding the pregnancy experiences of racial and ethnic minority women with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is critical to ensuring that policies can effectively support these women. This research analyzed data from the 1998–2013 Massachusetts Pregnancy to Early Life Longitudinal (PELL) data system to examine the racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes and labor and delivery charges of U.S. women with IDD. There was significant preterm birth disparity among non-Hispanic Black women with IDD compared to their non-Hispanic White peers. There were also significant racial and ethnic differences in associated labor and delivery-related charges. Further research, examining potential mechanisms behind the observed racial and ethnic differences in labor and delivery-related charges in Massachusetts' women with IDD is needed.

scholarly journals An Agenda for Addressing Multimorbidity and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 153331752096087
Author(s):  
Ana R. Quiñones ◽  
Jeffrey Kaye ◽  
Heather G. Allore ◽  
Anda Botoseneanu ◽  
Stephen M. Thielke
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

Advancements in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) research on the U.S. population acknowledge the importance of the high burden of ADRD on segments of the population and yet-to-be characterized risks attributable to the burden of multiple chronic diseases (multimorbidity). These realizations suggest successful strategies in caring for people with ADRD and their caregivers will rely not only on clinical treatments but also on more refined and comprehensive models of ADRD that take its broad effects on the whole-person and the whole of society into consideration. To this end, it is critical to characterize and address the relationship between ADRD and multimorbidity combinations that complicate care and lead to poor outcomes, particularly with regard to racial and ethnic disparities in the occurrence, course, and effects of ADRD. Several research and policy recommendations are presented to address the intersection of ADRD, multimorbidity, and underrepresented populations most at risk for adverse outcomes.

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