Incorrigibility and the Juvenile Homicide Offender: An Ecologically Valid Integrative Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 154120402110309
Author(s):  
Michael Welner ◽  
Matt DeLisi ◽  
Michael T. Baglivio ◽  
Thomas J. Guilmette ◽  
Heather M. Knous-Westfall
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Life Course Persistent ◽  
Juvenile Homicide ◽  
Behavioral Impairments ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

The United States Supreme Court decision in Miller v. Alabama highlighted the importance of an individual’s “incorrigibility” and the prospect of “irreparable corruption” when weighing possible life sentencing for juveniles convicted of homicide. In this review, we study research in multiple content areas spanning homicide recidivism, life-course-persistent or career criminality, and psychopathology and incorrigibility that bears relevance to the risk assessment of juvenile homicide offenders. A well-developed corpus of research and scholarship in these domains documents the severe, lifelong behavioral impairments of the most violent delinquents. In contrast to studies of non-offender student samples and behaviors that bear no ecological validity to juvenile homicide, the research covered herein emanates from epidemiological surveys, birth cohort studies, large-scale prospective longitudinal studies, and correctional studies including homicide offenders and appropriate control groups of other serious delinquents. A rich research foundation in the social, behavioral, and forensic science informs relevant, reliable, and valid forensic assessments of future criminal deviance and incorrigibility in juvenile homicide offenders.

Spatially integrated and socially segregated: The effects of mixed-income neighbourhoods on social well-being

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1859-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amie Thurber ◽  
Claire Riehle Bohmann ◽  
Craig Anne Heflinger
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mixed Income

Mixed-income development is the latest in a long line of policy interventions to improve outcomes in distressed urban neighbourhoods, particularly as an alternative to large scale public housing projects. Such developments are inherently integrationist, and have profound effects on the social lives and well-being of residents. After situating mixed-income developments within current residential demographic trends with regard to race and income, this article provides a comprehensive review of the 22 empirical studies addressing social integration in mixed-income developments in the United States, focusing on understanding the effects of spatial integration on social well-being. We discuss policy and practice implications to optimise the social well-being of residents, as well as strategies to improve scholarship in these settings.

scholarly journals Documentary Radio and the Radical Origins of Public History

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Left ◽  
The United States ◽  
Academic History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Social Views ◽  
Contemporary Practice

The origin story of public history in the United States dates this profession, practice, and field of study back to the social movements and social/cultural turn of academic history of the 1960s and 70s, directly tying the emergence of professional public history to the political ethos of the New Left. However, exploring earlier efforts in professional public-facing historical work reveals the formative influence of the Old Left on the various fields that would come to fall under the purview of public history. This article traces that connection specifically through the Radio Research Project (RRP), a large-scale series of history-oriented programs produced by the Library of Congress beginning in 1941 that were designed to educate Americans in US history, to encourage citizens to embrace civic ideals such as cultural and political democracy, and to thwart the spread of fascism. Disconnecting the rise of public history from its perceived origins in the New Left through exploring programs like the RRP not only reveals a longer history of the profession, but also challenges accepted interpretations of the types of political and social views that provide the historical foundation of contemporary practice.

scholarly journals THE ELUSIVE SOVEREIGN: NEW INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL HISTORIES OF CAPITALISM

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY SKLANSKY
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social History ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Science Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Property Regimes

Intellectual history in the United States has long borne a peculiarly close kinship to social history. The twin fields rose together a century ago in a filial revolt against the cloistered, conservative study of political institutions. Sharing a progressive interest in social thought and social reform, they joined in the self-styled “social and intellectual history” of the interwar decades. After mid-century, however, they moved in divergent directions. Many social historians adopted the quantitative methods of the social sciences, documenting the diverse experiences of workers, women, immigrants, slaves, native peoples, and others often marginalized in the textual record as well as the property regimes, modes of production, patterns of inheritance and mobility, and large-scale demographic and environmental forces that governed their lives. Intellectual historians tended to favor the qualitative evidence gleaned from the more cohesive letters and libraries of traditional elites, specializing in close readings of the intricate discursive, aesthetic, and spiritual templates of social experience found in religion, science, philosophy, political theory, and art and literature. Both subdisciplines had come into parallel crises by the 1980s, chastened by postmodern attacks on “master narratives” of any kind, whether idealist or materialist. In the decades since, social historians have sought a more nuanced consideration of thought and culture, while intellectual historians have at once broadened the range of their subjects and sources and limited more carefully the claims they make for them.

scholarly journals Economic issues of crop based ethanol production for energetic uses

2001 ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
László Kozár
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Social ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Full Force ◽  
Specific Country ◽  
New Jobs

The United States Congress passed the “Clean Air Act” in 1990, which targeted the creation and use of so-called “green fuel”. This Act came into full force on January 7, 1995. Its essence is that an oxygen rich component is added to fuel by which it burns more cleanly and harmful emissions of vehicles are reduced by 25%. This oxygen rich component is basically ethanol and its ether ETBE, made of domestically produced grains.America’s traditional grain exporter status could be converted into a stabile income resource during production, many more valuable by-products – should this program succeed – are also produced, giving the opportunity for further utilisation either in the foods or form feeds industries, or as export products.Ethanol or ETBE production is also important to replace fuel imports from any specific country, the additive which is necessary for producing the fuel is the imported product MTBE.This programme therefore simultaneously assisted in environmental protection, agricultural and foreign trading issues as well as some market regulation issues. At the same time, based on grain production, it has an effect on the social strata by creating new jobs, especially in those areas which can be considered in recession due to the lack of any large-scale industrial cities.In the future, the European Union should carry out this project and it will affect Hungary, as well.

scholarly journals The relationship between mothers’ and their daughters’ family size emerged in the United States during the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pink ◽  
Tobias Ebert ◽  
Jana Berkessel ◽  
Thorsteinn Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergenerational Continuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Doubt

For more than a century, a key question of the social sciences has been whether daughters’ family sizes relate to their mothers’ family sizes. Contemporary evidence confirms that, in developed countries, women from larger families indeed tend to have more children themselves. There is considerable doubt, however, whether intergenerational continuity in childbearing constitutes a universal feature of human societies. Based on a large-scale web-harvested collection of online memorials, we show that intergenerational continuity in childbearing in the U.S. emerged only in the first half of the 19th century, paralleling the country’s marked fertility decline. Furthermore, we show that statewide differences in intergenerational continuity in childbearing coincide with statewide differences in abortion laws. This suggests that control over individual fertility was a major driver of the emergence of intergenerational continuity in childbearing. This finding suggests that, although intergenerational continuity in childbearing has appeared only relatively recently in the history of humankind, it will eventually become relevant worldwide.

scholarly journals Idle chatter or compelling conversation? The potential of the social media-based #NGSSchat network for supporting science education reform efforts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Rosenberg ◽  
Joshua Reid ◽  
Elizabeth Dyer ◽  
Matthew Koehler ◽  
Christian Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Science Education ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Science Standards ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Professional Network ◽  
The Social

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) chat (#NGSSchat) is a social media-based professional network used to discuss topics related to the NGSS in the United States. While successful reforms involve and coordinate the work of multiple stakeholders, recent research points out a striking lack of coordination between the individuals working in different educational roles—to the detriment of intended changes in the system. In this study, we analyzed more than 7,000 posts from individuals participating in #NGSSchat on Twitter (n = 247) during two years of one-hour synchronous discussions. We studied the depth and types of conversations that took place, the extent to which the involvement of teachers, administrators, researchers, and organizations was balanced, and what explains participation in the network over time. Using a mixed-methods approach involving social network analysis, we found that conversations were primarily transactional, or social, and substantive, or providing opportunities for sense-making about the standards and for participants to transform their practice and that individuals from diverse roles participated, with teachers comprising the plurality of those involved. Additionally, researchers, administrators, and teachers were the most active in the network, with no differences in both initiating, or sending, and being the recipients of, or receiving, replies as a part of conversations. Finally, we found that being a teacher or administrator, as well as receiving replies from individuals who were important in the network, were positively related to sustained involvement in the network in the following year. We discuss how #NGSSchat—as a social media-based professional network—demonstrates similar features in other effective networks, and how social media-based networks invite new visions for how to implement ambitious, large-scale changes in science education.

Reclaiming ‘antique’ data: Charles Booth's poverty survey

Urban History ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Bales
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Influence Spread ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
A Minor

The place of Charles Booth's London poverty survey within an empirical tradition of sociology has been much discussed in recent years. The pivotal position which Booth had in this tradition was highlighted by Philip Abrams especially. Booth's achievement, it has been claimed, was to illuminate the structural underpinnings of poverty rather than just its extent. In doing so he not only challenged the assumptions of political economy but brought new life to the tradition of house-to-house surveys and case-studies as practised by those involved in the statistical movement of the nineteenth century in Britain. Booth sought answers to narrowly denned social problems, seeking to generate new and superior data capable of bearing the questions. His was the habit of ‘ad hoc compartmentalised research’, from which one main line of development was the government enquiries of the Webb era and beyond. Another line of descent can be traced in the social survey movement centred in the United States, and through this Booth's influence spread to the Chicago school of urban sociologists. Despite this wideranging influence those who followed Booth's lead studied his own descriptions of his findings and methods, and rarely, if ever, looked behind the published volumes to the varied materials generated by the large-scale research project he masterminded. These materials represent a rich and varied source of data which have so far been relatively little used by historians, and then mainly in a minor illustrative way.

Build Back Better? Effects of Crisis on Climate Change Adaptation Through Solar Power in Japan and the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Timothy Fraser ◽  
Lily Cunningham ◽  
Amos Nasongo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hurricane Sandy ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Large N ◽  
The Social

Do communities struck by disaster build back better, or not? Recent small- and medium- N studies have shown mixed effects. This mixed-methods study tests the effect of disasters on the adoption of solar power as a key form of building back better and adapting to climate change. To test this effect, we applied a large- N longitudinal matching experiment on cities affected and unaffected by disaster paired with qualitative case studies, focusing on the 2011 triple disaster in Japan and Hurricane Sandy in 2012 in the United States. We find that disaster-hit cities adopt more solar farms and rooftop solar than cities unaffected by crisis and that the social capital of these disaster-hit communities shapes their adoption patterns. By clarifying the effects of disasters on the build-back-better phenomenon in comparative cases, this article aims to guide recovery priorities after large-scale shocks.

News organizations’ use of Native Videos on Facebook: Tweaking the journalistic field one algorithm change at a time

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1679-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson C Tandoc ◽  
Julian Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Video Production ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
News Organizations ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Journalistic Field ◽  
Facebook Pages

This article explores the influence of social media giant Facebook on the journalistic field by examining how news organizations responded to Facebook’s algorithm tweak, announced in June 2014, that prioritized videos directly uploaded to the social media platform. In announcing the tweak, Facebook, an agent external to the journalistic field, did not just change its own internal rules but also imposed them on users, including news organizations traditionally governed by the journalistic field’s own set of rules. Based on large-scale posting activity data collected from 232 Facebook Pages operated by major news organizations in the United States, this study found that most news organizations complied with Facebook’s updated rules on Native Videos by significantly increasing their social video production, opening up the journalistic field to the influence of an agent external to journalism. But while digital-native and broadcast news publishers were more responsive in adapting to the tweak, print brands were slower to respond.

scholarly journals People and water: Exploring the social-ecological condition of watersheds of the United States

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray W. Scown ◽  
Joseph E. Flotemersch ◽  
Trisha L. Spanbauer ◽  
Tarsha Eason ◽  
Ahjond Garmestani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Social

A recent paradigm shift from purely biophysical towards social-ecological assessment of watersheds has been proposed to understand, monitor, and manipulate the myriad interactions between human well-being and the ecosystem services that watersheds provide. However, large-scale, quantitative studies in this endeavour remain limited. We utilised two newly developed ‘big-data’ sets—the Index of Watershed Integrity (IWI) and the Human Well-Being Index (HWBI)—to explore the social-ecological condition of watersheds throughout the conterminous U.S., and identified environmental and socio-economic influences on watershed integrity and human well-being. Mean county IWI was highly associated with ecoregion, industry-dependence, and state, in a spatially-explicit regression model (R2 = 0.77, P < 0.001), whereas HWBI was not (R2 = 0.31, P < 0.001). HWBI is likely influenced by factors not explored here, such as governance structure and formal and informal organisations and institutions. ‘Win-win’ situations in which both IWI and HWBI were above the 75th percentile were observed in much of Utah, Colorado, and New Hampshire, and lessons from governance that has resulted in desirable outcomes might be learnt from here. Eastern Kentucky and West Virginia, along with large parts of the desert southwest, had intact watersheds but low HWBI, representing areas worthy of further investigation of how ecosystem services might be utilised to improve well-being. The Temperate Prairies and Central USA Plains had widespread areas of low IWI but high HWBI, likely a result of historic exploitation of watershed resources to improve well-being, particularly in farming-dependent counties. The lower Mississippi Valley had low IWI and HWBI, which is likely related to historical (temporal) and upstream (spatial) impacts on both watershed integrity and well-being. The results emphasise the importance of considering spatial and temporal trade-offs when utilising the ecosystem services provided by watersheds to improve human well-being.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document