Seat belt use by adult rear seat passengers in private passenger, taxi, and rideshare vehicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1644-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nemire
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. There are no observational studies comparing use of seat belts by front and rear seat adult passengers in the United States (U.S.), and no comparisons of rear seat belt use by adult passengers in private, taxi, and rideshare vehicles. This observational study of drivers and adult passengers in two cities, one with a primary and the other with a secondary seat belt enforcement law, found the laws affected seat belt use by drivers but not by rear seat passengers, and that rear seat passengers wore seat belts more in private vehicles than in taxis. The latter result was not because of lack of seat belt availability in taxis. Results also showed that modeling of seat belt use by drivers had little effect on seat belt use by rear seat passengers. Results from rideshare vehicles was mixed. Implications for future research and countermeasures are discussed.

scholarly journals Warning signs to fasten seat belts result in higher rates of rear seat belt use in rideshare vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nemire
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. Passengers in the rear seat typically use their seat belts less often than drivers or front-seat passengers. Seat belt use in the back is even less frequent in vehicles for hire such as taxi cabs and rideshare vehicles than in private passenger vehicles. This observational study of adult passengers video-recorded in rideshare vehicles in San Francisco found that a sign mounted at rear passenger seated eye level, and that warned of the risks of failing to wear a seat belt, resulted in significantly higher rates of seat belt use than for rear seat passengers not exposed to the warning sign. Results also showed that age, gender, and trip duration did not have a significant effect on rear seat belt use. Implications for future research and other countermeasures are discussed.

Estimating the Effect of Standard Enforcement of a Rear Seat Belt Law for Rear Seat Fatality Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (33) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Findley ◽  
Morgan Sanchez ◽  
Timothy Nye
Keyword(s):  
Injury Severity ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Practice Standard ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Data were collected from the NHTSA’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System to analyze the link between primary enforcement of rear seat belt use and injury severity in fatal vehicle collisions. Specifically, this study predicted the amount of fatalities that may have been prevented had there been standard enforcement of a rear seat belt law in effect. Previous literature concludes that increasing seat belt use will decrease injury severity in collisions and the primary enforcement of seat belts laws will increase seat belt use by approximately 14%. This study recorded and compared the number of rear seat fatalities in states that did and did not have primary enforcement laws for rear seat occupants. The results indicated that, on average, for every properly restrained rear seat fatality there are 0.45 more rear seat fatalities in states without primary enforcement than states with primary enforcement. It also predicts that the states that do not practice standard seat belt enforcement could have seen approximately 772 to 1,032 fatalities prevented from 2011 to 2015, had there been primary rear seat belt enforcement. This corresponds to an estimated national crash cost savings of $8.6 billion, or $1.7 billion annually.

scholarly journals Ethnic/Racial Identity—A Double-Edged Sword? Associations With Discrimination and Psychological Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Yip
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Identity Exploration

Given the prominence of ethnicity/race in the United States, many youths construct an ethnic/racial identity (ERI). However, ERI development occurs against a backdrop of prejudice, oppression, and discrimination. This synthetic review explores (a) how identity and discrimination are related and (b) their association with psychological health. There is a reciprocal developmental association between ERI and discrimination, in which each informs the other. Although discrimination is detrimental for mental health, its impact depends on identity. In some cases, ERI confers protection from discrimination, and in others, it poses additional vulnerabilities. A strong sense of commitment to one’s identity confers protection against the negative effects of discrimination, while high levels of identity exploration are associated with increased vulnerability. However, the importance of ethnicity/race to one’s identity both protects from and increases vulnerabilities to discrimination. Suggestions for future research to help to disambiguate these associations are offered.

scholarly journals State-level seat belt use in the United States, 2011–2016: Comparison of self-reported with observed use and use by fatally injured occupants

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iju Shakya ◽  
Ruth A. Shults ◽  
Mark R. Stevens ◽  
Laurie F. Beck ◽  
David A. Sleet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seat Belt Use

scholarly journals Buckle up: non-seat belt use and antisocial behavior in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 825-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Vaughn ◽  
Christopher P. Salas-Wright ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seat Belt Use

Lives, Liberty, and Seat Belts in Britain: Lessons for the United States

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Leichter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Preventive Health Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philosophical Beliefs ◽  
British Experience ◽  
Seat Belt Use ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Cross National

By the end of this decade virtually all fifty U.S. state legislatures will have debated, and many will have adopted, mandatory seat belt legislation. While the debate in the United States has just begun, one can anticipate and preview the issues, arguments, and results by examining the British debate over, and experience with, a mandatory seat belt law. From this cross-national perspective, this article examines the practical, philosophical, and preventive health care dimensions and implications of this debate. Based upon personal interviews and the Parliamentary record, the author traces the background of the issue, and the major arguments for and against mandating seat belt use. Particular emphasis is placed upon the libertarian objections to such legislation, and how some British Conservatives were able to reconcile their philosophical beliefs with public safety needs. The article concludes by suggesting some lessons which U.S. proponents of mandatory seat belt legislation might learn from the British experience.

Geographic and sociodemographic variation in self-reported seat belt use in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 1066-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara W. Strine ◽  
Laurie F. Beck ◽  
Julie Bolen ◽  
Catherine Okoro ◽  
Satvinder Dhingra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seat Belt Use
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