Effect of Vehicle Control Format on Driver Performance and Attention Allocation under Adaptive Cruise Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1510-1514
Author(s):  
Yulin Deng ◽  
David Kaber
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Longitudinal Motion ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Study Results

Nowadays many major automobile manufacturers have implemented multiple novel control formats along with traditional manual controls in their vehicle models, as revealed by a vehicle survey. This study conducted a driving simulator-based assessment of driver visual behavior and performance in use of different vehicle control interfaces, while using adaptive cruise control (ACC; i.e., an automated assistance system controlling longitudinal motion of the vehicle). Findings suggest that touch screen controls lead to greater visual workload and degraded secondary task performance. Study results also demonstrated that redundancy of control formats (the combination of touch screen and manual controls) degrades secondary task performance. Results of this research are expected to provide applicable guidance for in-vehicle control format design.

Driver Performance in a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control String

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1184-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughan W. Inman ◽  
Steven Jackson ◽  
Brian H. Philips
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Time To Collision ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Safety Benefit ◽  
Crash Reduction ◽  
Mean Time

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) has been proposed as a method to increase highway capacity and possibly enhance safety. Two experiments were conducted in a driving simulator to verify that drivers with CACC would effectively monitor the system’s longitudinal control and override the system in the event that greater braking authority was needed than the system was designed to provide. In the first experiment, the emergency response of drivers with the CACC was compared with that of drivers who manually controlled following distance within a string of vehicles. The CACC group experienced markedly fewer crashes and had longer mean time-to-collision. The second experiment examined whether the CACC safety benefit was the result of the CACC system’s limited automatic braking authority, an auditory alarm, or both. The results suggest that both auto-braking and an auditory alarm are necessary to achieve a crash reduction benefit, although the alarm alone may promote less severe collisions.

Multi-Vehicle Trajectory Design During Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Platoon Formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinzheng Wang ◽  
Xianfeng (Terry) Yang ◽  
Zhitong Huang ◽  
Yun Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Trajectory Design ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Basic Scenario ◽  
Vehicle Trajectories ◽  
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Study Results

Cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) organizes connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in platoons to improve traffic flow and reduce fuel consumption. Platoon formation involves a very complex process, however, because lateral and longitudinal misbehavior of CAVs results in greater fuel consumption and risk of collision. This study aims to design optimal vehicle trajectories of CAVs during CACC platoon formation. First, a basic scenario and a destination-based protocol are described to determine vehicle sequence in the platoon. A space-time lattice based model is then formulated to construct vehicle trajectories considering boundary conditions of kinematic limits, vehicle-following safety, and lane-changing rules. The objective is to optimize the vehicle sequence and fuel consumption simultaneously. A two-phase algorithm is proposed to solve this model, where the first phase is a heuristic algorithm that determines vehicle sequence and in the second phase dynamic programming is adapted to optimize fuel consumption based on the determined sequence. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model in designing CAV trajectories, extensive experimental tests have been conducted in this study. Results show that the proposed model and algorithm can effectively optimize CAV sequence in the platoon based on their destinations. After optimization, CAV fuel consumption was reduced by 42%, 46%, and 43%, respectively, in three different tested scenarios.

Comparison of Primary and Secondary Task Measures as a Function of Simulated Vehicle Dynamics and Driving Conditions

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Wierwille ◽  
James C. Gutmann
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Moving Base ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Task Measure

In a previously reported experiment involving a moving base driving simulator with computer-generated display, secondary task measures of workload showed significant increases as a function of large changes in vehicle dynamics and disturbance levels. Because the secondary task measures appeared less sensitive than desired, driving performance measures recorded during the same experiment were later analyzed. Particular emphasis in examining the driving performance data was placed on (1) determining the degree of intrusion of the secondary task on the driving task as a function of the independent variables, and (2) on comparing the sensitivity of the primary and secondary task measures. The results showed the secondary task does intrude significantly upon the driving task performance at low workload levels, but that it does not significantly intrude at high workload levels. Also, when the four primary task measures were analyzed for sensitivity to the independent variables, new information was obtained indicating greater sensitivity than is obtained with the single secondary task measure. Steering ratio, for example, is found to affect performance at high disturbance levels—a result not obtained in examining the secondary task by itself. The merits of primary and secondary task performance analysis are discussed, and suggestions are made for future work.

Comparison of Five Mental Workload Assessment Procedures in a Moving-Base Driving Simulator

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Hicks ◽  
Walter W. Wierwille
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmia ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Subjective Opinion ◽  
Driving Task

Five methods of measuring mental workload (secondary task performance, visual occlusion, cardiac arrhythmia, subjective opinion rating scales, and primary task performance) were compared for sensitivity to changes in operator loading. Each was used to differentiate among low, medium, and high levels of workload defined in terms of the application point of crosswind gusts in a driving task. The driving task was produced using an automobile driving simulator with a six-degree of freedom computer generated display, a four-degree of freedom physical motion system, and a four-channel sound system. Techniques of mental workload measurement that have shown promise in previous studies were used as a between-subjects factor, and subjects were presented with a within-subject factor of wind gust placement. Gusts at the front of the vehicle represented high workload levels, and gusts toward the center of the vehicle represented progressively lower levels of workload. The results showed significant differences among workload levels for subjective opinion scales and primary performance measures of lateral deviation, yaw deviation, and steering reversals. A relative sensitivity estimate of these would be, from highest to lowest sensitivity, steering reversals and yaw deviation, rating scales, and lateral deviation. The techniques of occlusion, cardiac arrhythmia, and secondary task performance yielded no significant workload effect.

scholarly journals Attention maintenance training: Are young drivers getting better or being more strategic?

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1991-1995
Author(s):  
James Unverricht ◽  
Yusuke Yamani ◽  
Sarah Yahoodik ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
William J. Horrey
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Vehicle Navigation System ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
Maintenance Performance

Young drivers are particularly poor at maintaining attention to the forward roadway where imminent hazards may occur. Existing training programs such as FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL) have been shown to improve young drivers’ attention maintenance performance. The current study examines two competing hypotheses for the effectiveness of FOCAL: 1) Drivers disregard the secondary task to focus on maintaining attention, or 2) FOCAL improves drivers’ multitasking ability on the driving and the secondary tasks. FOCAL- and placebo-trained drivers navigated through four distinct scenarios in a driving simulator. During each scenario, they were asked to perform a secondary task interacting with a mock in-vehicle navigation system. Results showed that FOCAL improved driver attention maintenance performance and, surprisingly, their secondary task performance. These results suggest the possibility that FOCAL in fact increases not only their ability to maintain their attention to the forward roadway but also a drivers’ multitasking performance. Future works should use a variety of in-vehicle tasks with different visual processing demands to determine the generalizability of the current finding.

Consumer Acceptance of Adaptive Cruise Control following Experience with a Prototype System

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (17) ◽  
pp. 1092-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Sayer ◽  
Mary Lynn Mefford ◽  
Paul S. Fancher
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Adaptive Cruise Control ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Technology System

Reactions to adaptive cruise control (ACC) were solicited from drivers following use of an ACC equipped vehicle for one hour in an actual highway environment. Participant's impressions were obtained through questionnaires, administered immediately following the exposure, and later in focus groups. Individuals of varying age and conventional cruise control usage took part in the study. The issues of comfort, safety, ease-of-use, and estimated worth were addressed. While participants offered favorable responses towards ACC, despite having limited safety concerns, they were willing to pay surprisingly little for the added convenience provided. The issues of driver over-dependency on technology, system reliability, and customized features appear to warrant additional investigation to overcome consumer's hesitation towards purchasing and using ACC and similar forms of advanced vehicle control systems.

Assessing Driving Simulator Validity: A Comparison of Multi-Modal Smartphone Interactions across Simulated and Field Environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (37) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas McWilliams ◽  
Nathan Ward ◽  
Bruce Mehler ◽  
Bryan Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Task Demand ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Driving Scenario

The use of a driving simulator as a tool to evaluate secondary task performance elicits the question of simulator validity. After upgrading an existing driving simulator from a medium-fidelity to a high-fidelity configuration with a new software environment, a study was run to benchmark this simulator against previously published highway-driving data. A primary goal was to assess relative and absolute validity in a simulated highway environment. Data from 72 participants who performed manual and voice-based contact dialing tasks with a center-stack-mounted smartphone in either the driving simulator or driving on the highway in one of two vehicles is considered. This analysis compared secondary task demand between the simulator and on-road vehicles by primarily considering driver off-road glance behavior. Mean total eyes-off-road time, mean single-glance duration, and the number of long off-road glances showed similar patterns relative to the manual versus voice-based tasks in the simulator and the two on-road vehicles. A driving performance metric, percentage change of standard deviation of velocity, showed differing results between the simulator and on-road vehicles. It is concluded that these data make a strong argument for relative validity, and in some cases absolute validity, for this simulator for studying glance behavior associated with in-vehicle devices under a highway-driving scenario.

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