Perceptual Organization and Grouping Factors: Age Related Effects

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Darryl G. Humphrey ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
Sheryl S. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Partial Report ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Information Displays ◽  
Age Related

Older adults have evidenced a poorer ability to use grouping factors in such tasks as Embedded Figures, Incomplete Figures, and partial report. Difficulties in disambiguating the findings of these studies has left unanswered the cause of this age-related difference. By taking into account age-related differences in visual short-term memory, the results of the current study suggest that older adults maintain the ability to capitalize on the perceptual organization of the visual environment as a means of facilitating recall performance. These results have implications for the design of information displays, product labels, codes, and instructions.

Visual Short-Term Memory, Age, and Imaging Ability

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Adamowicz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Visual Masking ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Related

Visual short-term memory of young and older adults was studied in relation to imaging ability. Both recall and recognition memory tasks were used and additional variables included stimulus complexity and response delay (recognition tasks) and stimulus complexity and visual masking (recall tasks). Young and older participants were matched on visual discrimination, verbal intelligence, and imaging ability. Stimuli consisted of abstract visual patterns. Age-related decrements in recognition and recall were observed but performance was related to imaging ability only with recall tasks and only for older adults. The results were discussed with reference to mediational strategies and locus of occurrence of age-related decrements in short-term memory.

scholarly journals Variability in Cognitive Performance on Mobile Devices Is Sensitive to Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results From the Einstein Aging Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Cerino ◽  
Mindy J. Katz ◽  
Cuiling Wang ◽  
Jiyue Qin ◽  
Qi Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Binding

Background and Objective: Within-person variability in cognitive performance has emerged as a promising indicator of cognitive health with potential to distinguish normative and pathological cognitive aging. We use a smartphone-based digital health approach with ecological momentary assessments (EMA) to examine differences in variability in performance among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and those who were cognitively unimpaired (CU).Method: A sample of 311 systematically recruited, community-dwelling older adults from the Einstein Aging Study (Mean age = 77.46 years, SD = 4.86, Range = 70–90; 67% Female; 45% Non-Hispanic White, 40% Non-Hispanic Black) completed neuropsychological testing, neurological assessments, and self-reported questionnaires. One hundred individuals met Jak/Bondi criteria for MCI. All participants performed mobile cognitive tests of processing speed, visual short-term memory binding, and spatial working memory on a smartphone device up to six times daily for 16 days, yielding up to 96 assessments per person. We employed heterogeneous variance multilevel models using log-linear prediction of residual variance to simultaneously assess cognitive status differences in mean performance, within-day variability, and day-to-day variability. We further tested whether these differences were robust to the influence of environmental contexts under which assessments were performed.Results: Individuals with MCI exhibited greater within-day variability than those who were CU on ambulatory assessments that measure processing speed (p < 0.001) and visual short-term memory binding (p < 0.001) performance but not spatial working memory. Cognitive status differences in day-to-day variability were present only for the measure of processing speed. Associations between cognitive status and within-day variability in performance were robust to adjustment for sociodemographic and contextual variables.Conclusion: Our smartphone-based digital health approach facilitates the ambulatory assessment of cognitive performance in older adults and the capacity to differentiate individuals with MCI from those who were CU. Results suggest variability in mobile cognitive performance is sensitive to MCI and exhibits dissociative patterns by timescale and cognitive domain. Variability in processing speed and visual short-term memory binding performance may provide specific detection of MCI. The 16-day smartphone-based EMA measurement burst offers novel opportunity to leverage digital technology to measure performance variability across frequent assessments for studying cognitive health and identifying early clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment.

Developmental Study of Short-Term Memory Characteristics for Kinesthetic Movement Information

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 649-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Delay Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Memory Characteristics

The present experiment was designed to examine age-related characteristics of short-term retention of kinesthetic movement information. 20 children from each age group (6, 8, 10 yr.) were tested for recall of kinesthetic end-location. The results indicate that 6- and 8-yr.-old children became less accurate and more variable in recall performance following a delay interval. However, 10-yr.-old children were capable of maintaining performance accuracy during a delay interval.

Visual Short-Term Memory, Response Delay, and Age

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Adamowicz ◽  
B. R. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Subjects

Recall and recognition memory performance of 12 young ( M = 19 yr.) and 12 older ( M = 72 yr.) females was studied in relation to response delay (5, 25, and 125 sec.) and stimulus complexity (6.1 and 13.7 bits of information). The subjects were matched on verbal IQ, visual acuity, and educational levels. Stimuli were abstract, black and white, 4 × 4 square matrices. Age-related decrements in memory performance were associated with stimulus complexity but not with response delay. Older subjects also reported experiencing encoding difficulties during the registration phase. The results were discussed with reference to the locus of age-related decrements in visual short-term memory.

Age and Skill Differences in Adaptive Competence

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Cecil Smith ◽  
Nancy DeFrates-Densch ◽  
Thomas O. Schrader ◽  
Susan F. Crone ◽  
Denise Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Social Environmental Factors ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Previous research has documented qualitative changes in certain cognitive abilities during the older adult years, such as in short-term memory, perceptual and motor skills, and attentional capacities. Other work has suggested that a number of significant age-related changes, across a variety of cognitive abilities, are based on social experiences, such as occupational or recreational activities. The current study is based on earlier research by Perlmutter and her colleagues (1990) and examines age and skill-related differences among adults engaged in a social-recreational activity. BINGO players, ranging in age from nineteen to seventy-four, and having from less than two months to over twenty years of playing experience, were given a variety of psychometric, cognitive, and experimental measures. The participants were also observed as they played real BINGO games. No age-related differences were found on the psychometric or memory measures, suggesting that BINGO playing experience may have positive benefits for many older adults. Skilled players at all age levels were found to be more efficient in their game-playing actions. The oldest and most experienced players did not differ from the younger, equally experienced, players on the cognitive and skill-based tasks. These findings demonstrate the need to investigate adaptive competence in those situations in which social-environmental factors play a role in enhancing older adults' cognitive skills.

Dynamic Visual Noise Affects Visual Short-Term Memory for Surface Color, but not Spatial Location

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Dent
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Visual Noise ◽  
Dynamic Visual Noise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Spatial Locations

In two experiments participants retained a single color or a set of four spatial locations in memory. During a 5 s retention interval participants viewed either flickering dynamic visual noise or a static matrix pattern. In Experiment 1 memory was assessed using a recognition procedure, in which participants indicated if a particular test stimulus matched the memorized stimulus or not. In Experiment 2 participants attempted to either reproduce the locations or they picked the color from a whole range of possibilities. Both experiments revealed effects of dynamic visual noise (DVN) on memory for colors but not for locations. The implications of the results for theories of working memory and the methodological prospects for DVN as an experimental tool are discussed.

Time Window from Visual Images to Visual Short-Term Memory: Consolidation or Integration?

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Long Time

Abstract. When two dot arrays are briefly presented, separated by a short interval of time, visual short-term memory of the first array is disrupted if the interval between arrays is shorter than 1300-1500 ms ( Brockmole, Wang, & Irwin, 2002 ). Here we investigated whether such a time window was triggered by the necessity to integrate arrays. Using a probe task we removed the need for integration but retained the requirement to represent the images. We found that a long time window was needed for performance to reach asymptote even when integration across images was not required. Furthermore, such window was lengthened if subjects had to remember the locations of the second array, but not if they only conducted a visual search among it. We suggest that a temporal window is required for consolidation of the first array, which is vulnerable to disruption by subsequent images that also need to be memorized.

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