Distance Estimation in Virtual Environments

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (20) ◽  
pp. 1268-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Lampton ◽  
Daniel P. McDonald ◽  
Michael Singer ◽  
James P. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Real World ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Separate Group ◽  
The Real ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Real World Setting

This paper describes an experiment to evaluate a procedure for measuring distance perception in immersive VEs. Forty-eight subjects viewed a VE with a Head Mounted Display (HMD), a Binocular Omni-Oriented Monitor (BOOM), or a computer monitor. Subjects estimated the distance to a figure of known height that was initially 40 ft away. As the figure moved forward, subjects indicated when the figure was perceived to be 30, 20, 10, 5, and 2.5 ft away. A separate group of 36 subjects performed the task in a real-world setting roughly comparable to the VE. VE distance estimation was highly variable across subjects. For distance perception involving a moving figure, in the VE conditions most subjects called out before the figure had closed to the specified distances. Distance estimation was least accurate with the monitor. In the real world, most subjects called out after the figure had closed to or passed the specified distances. Ways to improve the procedure are discussed.

scholarly journals Distance Perception in the Oculus Quest and Oculus Quest 2

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kelly ◽  
Taylor Doty ◽  
Morgan Ambourn ◽  
Lucia Cherep
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Real World ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Egocentric Distance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Real Environment

Distances in virtual environments (VEs) viewed on a head-mounted display (HMD) are typically underperceived relative to the intended distance. This paper presents an experiment comparing perceived egocentric distance in a real environment with that in a matched VE presented in the Oculus Quest and Oculus Quest 2. Participants made verbal judgments and blind walking judgments to an object on the ground. Both the Quest and Quest 2 produced underperception compared to the real environment. Verbal judgments in the VE were 86\% and 79\% of real world judgments in the Quest and Quest 2, respectively. Blind walking judgments were 78% and 79% of real world judgments in the Quest and Quest 2, respectively. This project shows that significant underperception of distance persists even in modern HMDs.

Egocentric Distance Perception: A Comparative Study Investigating Differences Between Real and Virtual Environments

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 940-967
Author(s):  
Ilja T. Feldstein ◽  
Felix M. Kölsch ◽  
Robert Konrad
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Egocentric Distance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Depth Analysis

Virtual reality systems are a popular tool in behavioral sciences. The participants’ behavior is, however, a response to cognitively processed stimuli. Consequently, researchers must ensure that virtually perceived stimuli resemble those present in the real world to ensure the ecological validity of collected findings. Our article provides a literature review relating to distance perception in virtual reality. Furthermore, we present a new study that compares verbal distance estimates within real and virtual environments. The virtual space—a replica of a real outdoor area—was displayed using a state-of-the-art head-mounted display. Investigated distances ranged from 8 to 13 m. Overall, the results show no significant difference between egocentric distance estimates in real and virtual environments. However, a more in-depth analysis suggests that the order in which participants were exposed to the two environments may affect the outcome. Furthermore, the study suggests that a rising experience of immersion leads to an alignment of the estimated virtual distances with the real ones. The results also show that the discrepancy between estimates of real and virtual distances increases with the incongruity between virtual and actual eye heights, demonstrating the importance of an accurately set virtual eye height.

Judging Perceived and Traversed Distance in Virtual Environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob G. Witmer ◽  
Paul B. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Real World ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Distance Estimation ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
The Real ◽  
Texture Density ◽  
Route Segment ◽  
Scale Spaces

The ability to accurately estimate distance is an essential component of navigating large-scale spaces. Although the factors that influence distance estimation have been a topic of research in real-world environments for decades and are well known, research on distance estimation in virtual environments (VEs) has only just begun. Initial investigations of distance estimation in VEs suggest that observers are less accurate in estimating distance in VEs than in the real world (Lampton et al., 1995). Factors influencing distance estimates may be divided into those affecting perceived distance (visual cues only) and those affecting traversed distance to include visual, cognitive, and proprioceptive cues. To assess the contribution of the various distance cues in VEs, two experiments were conducted. The first required a static observer to estimate the distance to a cylinder placed at various points along a 130-foot hallway. This experiment examined the effects of floor texture, floor pattern, and object size on distance estimates in a VE. The second experiment required a moving observer to estimate route segment distances and total route distances along four routes, each totaling 1210 feet. This experiment assessed the effects of movement method, movement speed, compensatory cues, and wall texture density. Results indicate that observers underestimate distances both in VEs and in the real world, but the underestimates are more extreme in VEs. Texture did not reliably affect the distance estimates, providing no compensation for the gross underestimates of distance in VE. Traversing a distance improves the ability to estimate that distance, but more natural means of moving via a treadmill do not necessarily improve distance estimates over traditional methods of moving in VE (e.g., using a joystick). The addition of compensatory cues (tone every 10 feet traversed on alternate route segments) improves VE distance estimation to almost perfect performance.

Perceived Orientation in Physical and Virtual Environments: Changes in Perceived Orientation as a Function of Idiothetic Information Available

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Lathrop ◽  
Mary K. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Real World ◽  
Spatial Orientation ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
The Real ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Spatial Search

Two experiments examined perceived spatial orientation in a small environment as a function of experiencing that environment under three conditions: real-world, desktop-display (DD), and head-mounted display (HMD). Across the three conditions, participants acquired two targets located on a perimeter surrounding them, and attempted to remember the relative locations of the targets. Subsequently, participants were tested on how accurately and consistently they could point in the remembered direction of a previously seen target. Results showed that participants were significantly more consistent in the real-world and HMD conditions than in the DD condition. Further, it is shown that the advantages observed in the HMD and real-world conditions were not simply due to nonspatial response strategies. These results suggest that the additional idiothetic information afforded in the realworld and HMD conditions is useful for orientation purposes in our presented task domain. Our results are relevant to interface design issues concerning tasks that require spatial search, navigation, and visualization.

Trends in Insulin Therapy—A1C and Age at the Time of Insulin Initiation in the Real-World Setting

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2328-PUB
Author(s):  
RAJIV KOVIL ◽  
MANOJ S. CHAWLA ◽  
PURVI M. CHAWLA ◽  
MIKHIL C. KOTHARI ◽  
AMBARI F. SHAIKH
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Real World ◽  
Insulin Initiation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real World Setting

The Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-school Peanut Oral Immunotherapy in the Real World Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Shaker ◽  
Edmond S. Chan ◽  
Jennifer LP. Protudjer ◽  
Lianne Soller ◽  
Elissa M. Abrams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Real World ◽  
Oral Immunotherapy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Performance Characteristics of Breezhaler® and Aerolizer® in the Real-World Setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Molimard ◽  
Ioannis Kottakis ◽  
Juergen Jauernig ◽  
Sonja Lederhilger ◽  
Ivan Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real World Setting

Predictive Value of Assessing Vehicle Interior Design Ergonomics in a Virtual Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Reuding ◽  
Pamela Meil
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
Real World ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Design Work ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Stability

The predictive value and the reliability of evaluations made in immersive projection environments are limited when compared to the real world. As in other applications of numerical simulations, the acceptance of such techniques does not only depend on the stability of the methods, but also on the quality and credibility of the results obtained. In this paper, we investigate the predictive value of virtual reality and virtual environments when used for engineering assessment tasks. We examine the ergonomics evaluation of a vehicle interior, which is a complex activity relying heavily on know-how gained from personal experience, and compare performance in a VE with performance in the real world. If one assumes that within complex engineering processes certain types of work will be performed by more or less the same personnel, one can infer that a fairly consistent base of experience-based knowledge exists. Under such premises and if evaluations are conducted as comparisons within the VE, we believe that the reliability of the assessments is suitable for conceptual design work. Despite a number of unanswered questions at this time we believe this study leads to a better understanding of what determines the reliability of results obtained in virtual environments, thus making it useful for optimizing virtual prototyping processes and better utilization of the potential of VR and VEs in company work processes.

Tofacitinib and risk of cardiovascular outcomes: results from the Safety of TofAcitinib in Routine care patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (STAR-RA) study

2022 ◽  
pp. annrheumdis-2021-221915
Author(s):  
Farzin Khosrow-Khavar ◽  
Seoyoung C Kim ◽  
Hemin Lee ◽  
Su Been Lee ◽  
Rishi J Desai
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Cardiovascular Outcomes ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectivesRecent results from ‘ORAL Surveillance’ trial have raised concerns regarding the cardiovascular safety of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We further examined this safety concern in the real-world setting.MethodsWe created two cohorts of patients with RA initiating treatment with tofacitinib or tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFI) using deidentified data from Optum Clinformatics (2012–2020), IBM MarketScan (2012–2018) and Medicare (parts A, B and D, 2012–2017) claims databases: (1) A ‘real-world evidence (RWE) cohort’ consisting of routine care patients and (2) A ‘randomised controlled trial (RCT)-duplicate cohort’ mimicking inclusion and exclusion criteria of the ORAL surveillance trial to calibrate results against the trial findings. Cox proportional hazards models with propensity score fine stratification weighting were used to estimate HR and 95% CIs for composite outcome of myocardial infarction and stroke and accounting for 76 potential confounders. Database-specific effect estimates were pooled using fixed effects models with inverse-variance weighting.ResultsIn the RWE cohort, 102 263 patients were identified of whom 12 852 (12.6%) initiated tofacitinib. The pooled weighted HR (95% CI) comparing tofacitinib with TNFI was 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) in RWE cohort and 1.24 (0.90 to 1.69) in RCT-duplicate cohort which aligned closely with ORAL-surveillance results (HR: 1.33, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.94).ConclusionsWe did not find evidence for an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes with tofacitinib in patients with RA treated in the real-world setting; however, tofacitinib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes, although statistically non-significant, in patients with RA with cardiovascular risk factors.Trial registration numberNCT04772248.

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