‘From Nazi Inferno to Soviet Hell’: Polish-Jewish children and youth and their trajectories of survival during and after the Second World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 161189442110177
Author(s):  
Katharina Friedla

This article relates the experiences of Polish-Jewish children, born or raised in Germany, who survived the war in the Soviet hinterland, and validates that their traumatic wartime experiences had long-lasting consequences. Over the course of the years 1938 to 1945, as well as throughout the post-war decade, this group of children survived several fundamental, political transformations, which deeply affected and irrevocably changed their lives. These caesuras thrust them through a triad of transitions: as young deportees and refugees they ceased to be children; they were moved forcibly from one country to another; and the emotional pain and trauma they experienced during forced migrations. All of these children were refugees three or more times over: expelled from Germany to Poland, deported or sent to the interior of the Soviet Union, ‘repatriated’ from the USSR to Poland, they fled to Displaced Persons camps in Germany or Austria, and finally emigrated to Western countries. These extremely personal accounts of Polish-Jewish children experiences not only open a window into the past and help us to better understand the special plight of child victims and survivors, but they also allow us to reflect more deeply, thoughtfully, and comprehensively on the present-day issues of forced migration, displacement, and refugee crises.

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 256-276
Author(s):  
Dariusz Miszewski

During the Second World War, the national camp preached the idea of imperialism in Central Europe. Built peacefully, the Polish empire was supposed to protect the independence and security of countries in Central Europe against Germany and the Soviet Union, and thus went by the name of “the Great Poland”. As part of the empire, nation-states were retained. The national camp was opposed to the idea of the federation as promoted by the government-in-exile. The “national camp” saw the idea of federation on the regional, European and global level as obsolete. Post-war international cooperation was based on nation states and their alliances.


2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID REYNOLDS

This review examines some of the recent British, American, and Russian scholarship on a series of important international transitions that occurred in the years around 1945. One is the shift of global leadership from Great Britain to the United States, in which, it is argued, the decisive moment was the fall of France in 1940. Another transition is the emergence of a wartime alliance between Britain and America, on the one hand, and the Soviet Union, on the other, followed by its disintegration into the Cold War. Here the opening of Soviet sources during the 1990s has provided new evidence, though not clear answers. To understand both of these transitions, however, it is necessary to move beyond diplomacy and strategy to look at the social, cultural, and economic dimensions of the Second World War. In particular, recent studies of American and Soviet soldiers during and after the conflict re-open the debate about Cold War ideology from the bottom up.


Adeptus ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Miłosz J. Zieliński

The early years of the existence of the Kaliningrad Oblast and the difficulties in constructing the identity of its inhabitantsIn the last two decades, the Kaliningrad Oblast has been subject to changes of a manifold nature, not only political but also societal and cultural. As a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the region has become a semi-enclave which has led to the consequences of the former occupation being even greater. As a result, the Oblast differs from other parts of Russia. Experts involved with the Kaliningrad Oblast, both from Russia and abroad, agree that it constitutes a unique part of the historic, cultural and societal mosaic of Russia. It comes as no surprise that geopolitical processes have left a significant mark on the Kaliningrad Oblast identity. Nowadays the semi-exclave is often described as the most European among the Russian regions. Yet the question of the contemporary identity of the Kaliningrad Oblast’s inhabitants cannot be properly addressed and examined without research into the very first years of the regions’ existence (from 1945 to the end of the 1950s). This paper aims at briefly summing up changes that took place in the northern part of former East Prussia in four areas after the Second World War. This will include: the taking over of control by the Soviet administration of the newly conquered territory; settling the region with a new population and the deportation of Germans still remaining there; replacing German names of towns and villages with Soviet (Russian) ones; the attitude of central and local authorities towards religious communities and attempts to spontaneously organise religious life in the region.All of the above-mentioned elements of post-war life in the Kaliningrad Oblast contributed to the creation of a new politico-social reality which encompassed a total denial of the region’s past. Together with further changes, these elements laid the foundations of the identity of its inhabitants after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In this sense, they can be considered as a starting point for further research which is my main objective as a PhD student at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Pierwsze lata istnienia obwodu kaliningradzkiego a problem kształtowania się tożsamości jego mieszkańcówPrzez minione dwie dekady obwód kaliningradzki podlegał różnorakim zmianom – nie tylko politycznym, ale również społecznym i kulturowym. W wyniku rozpadu Związku Sowieckiego obwód stał się półeksklawą, co dodatkowo spotęgowało skutki zachodzących zmian. W rezultacie obwód znacząco różni się od pozostałych część Rosji. Eksperci zajmujący się regionem, zarówno z Rosji, jak i innych krajów, zgodnie twierdzą, że obwód kaliningradzki to unikatowa część historycznej, kulturowej i społecznej mozaiki tego kraju. Nie jest zaskoczeniem, że procesy geopolityczne zostawiły ślad w tożsamości najbardziej europejskiego spośród rosyjskich regionów. Współczesna tożsamość mieszkańców obwodu kaliningradzkiego nie może być jednak dokładnie zbadana i opisana bez analizy pierwszych lat istnienia tego bytu politycznego, tj. okresu od 1945 roku do końca lat 50. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwięzłe podsumowanie zmian, które nastąpiły w obwodzie kaliningradzkim, na podstawie czterech umownych dziedzin, tj.: okoliczności przejęcia kontroli administracji sowieckiej nad nowo zdobytym obszarem; zasiedlenie regionu przez nowych osadników i deportację pozostałej tu ludności niemieckiej; zastąpienie niemieckich nazw miejscowości przez nazwy sowieckie (rosyjskie); spontaniczne próby organizacji życia religijnego w regionie oraz stosunek władz centralnych i lokalnych do wspólnot wyznaniowych.Wymienione elementy powojennego życia w obwodzie kaliningradzkim przyczyniły się do stworzenia tu nowej rzeczywistości społeczno-politycznej, która oznaczała całkowitą negację przeszłości regionu. Zmiany owe, a także te, do których doszło w kolejnych latach, położyły podwaliny tożsamości mieszkańców obwodu już po rozpadzie Związku Sowieckiego oraz jej dalszą ewolucję. Pod tym względem mogą być postrzegane jako punkt wyjścia dla dalszej analizy, która jest głównym celem moich badań jako doktoranta w Instytucie Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Weesjes

This book documents communists' attempts, successful and otherwise, to overcome their isolation and to connect with the major social and political movements of the twentieth century. Communist parties in Britain and the Netherlands emerged from the Second World War expecting to play a significant role in post-war society, due to their domestic anti-fascist activities and to the part played by the Soviet Union in defeating fascism. The Cold War shattered these hopes, and isolated communist parties and their members. By analysing the accounts of communist children, Weesjes highlights their struggle to establish communities and define their identities within the specific cultural, social, and political frameworks of the Cold War period and beyond.


1963 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon T. Kuark

Since the end of the Second World War, which brought the division of the country into northern and southern halves, North Korea has become a thoroughly orthodox Communist state with but few deviations from the Russian type. The “Marxist-Leninist line” has been followed with fidelity and enthusiasm in the field of economic planning and organisation as laid out in both the early Five-Year Plans of Soviet Russia and in the similar pattern of socialisation in Red China. What deviation exists is said to be characteristic of the transitional period in building Socialism or a “people's democracy,” where exploiting elements still exist, as contrasted with the Soviet Union, where it is claimed “Socialism” is a reality. The government so far has launched the two One-Year Plans of 1947 and 1948, the first Two-Year Plan of 1949–50 with emphasis on Soviet assistance, the Three-Year Plan of 1954–56, the first Five-Year Plan of 1957–61, and the Seven-Year Plan of 1961–67.


Author(s):  
John W. Young ◽  
John Kent

This chapter examines decolonization and the changes that took place within the European empires during the early years of the Cold War. Decolonization constituted a crucial element of the new international order after the Second World War and formed part of the broader shift in the global balance of power. The war marked the end of the European-dominated system of nation states and was followed by the decline of the major European powers, with international dominance lying for a quarter of a century with the United States, challenged only by the Soviet Union. The chapter considers the challenges to colonial rule that were evident in both Africa and Asia during the inter-war years. It also discusses the imperialism and the struggles against it that have formed part of a post-war landscape in the Middle East.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Weesjes

This book documents communists’ attempts, successful and otherwise, to overcome their isolation and to connect with the major social and political movements of the twentieth century. Communist parties in Britain and the Netherlands emerged from the Second World War expecting to play a significant role in post-war society, due to their domestic anti-fascist activities and to the part played by the Soviet Union in defeating fascism. The Cold War shattered these hopes, and isolated communist parties and their members. By analysing the accounts of communist children, Weesjes highlights their struggle to establish communities and define their identities within the specific cultural, social, and political frameworks of the Cold War period and beyond.


2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
GIJS KESSLER

The following articles by myself and by Andrei Markevich are the first in a series of four analysing income-earning strategies of urban households in twentieth-century Russia and the Soviet Union. The articles deal with a similar set of issues for four subsequent periods. In this issue of Continuity and Change my article covers the early Soviet period from the revolution of 1917 to the start of the Second World War and Andrei Markevich focuses on the war, the post-war Stalin period and the Khruschev years, taking his analysis into the latter half of the 1960s. In the next issue, Victoria Tyazhelnikova will examine the Brezhnev period and Sergei Afontsev the years of reform under Gorbachev and in post-Soviet Russia.


2019 ◽  
pp. 122-150
Author(s):  
Vince Houghton

The fifth chapter details the dismantling of the American atomic intelligence program following the conclusion of the Second World War. Although it was clear to most that the Soviet Union was intent on building its own atomic weapon, the American atomic intelligence program did not survive the general demobilization of the post-war United States. Groves’ Manhattan Project (MED) intelligence team was disbanded, and while he kept a small intelligence analysis unit, the means for adequate intelligence collection and analysis were decentralized and scattered across the U.S. Government. During the late 1940s, American intelligence made a series of estimates for when the Soviet Union would build their first atomic bomb. Based on supposition, speculation, and the American and German experiences, the estimates did not effectively evaluate the realities in the Soviet Union.


Author(s):  
Anna Sommer Schneider

THE END of the Second World War revealed the huge extent of the damage to Poland, damage which was not just physical. The country had lost nearly six million of its citizens, including almost its entire Jewish population. According to Albert Stankowski, only some 425,000 of the estimated pre-war Jewish population of 3,330,000 were still alive at the end of the war. Not all of them returned to Poland from the Soviet Union, where the largest proportion had survived. As a result, in the immediate post-war period the Jewish population of the country numbered between 220,000 and 350,000, including almost 160,000 Jews repatriated from the USSR....


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