scholarly journals Transmission ratio optimization of two-speed gearbox in battery electric passenger vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 168781402110228
Author(s):  
Gui-Bin Sun ◽  
Yi-Jui Chiu ◽  
Wen-Yang Zuo ◽  
Shen Zhou ◽  
Jian-Chao Gan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Gear Shift ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Shift Schedule ◽  
Ratio Optimization

To optimize the power and economic performance of battery electric passenger vehicles, an 8.5-m-long battery electric passenger vehicle was selected as the research subject. The simulated-annealing particle-swarm-optimization (SAPSO) algorithm was applied to optimize the two-speed gearbox and transmission ratio of the vehicle. With the opening of the accelerator pedal and speed as variables, a comprehensive gear shift schedule that considered both the power and economic performance was established. The comprehensive gear shift schedule curve was defined in the model built in the ADVISOR software. The transmission ratio was jointly optimized using the ADVISOR and ISIGHT software, and then the ADVISOR simulation software was used to analyze the economic and dynamic performances corresponding to the optimized transmission ratio. Finally, we compared the power and economic performances of the vehicle before and after transmission ratio optimization, the results of which showed that after the optimization, the maximum speed, climbing gradient, and 0–50 km/h acceleration time of the vehicle were greatly improved, and the driving range was slightly shortened. This enabled performance advantages of the battery electric passenger vehicle by balancing the power and economic performances of the vehicle.

Tractor Cab Virtual Modeling and Ergonomic Evaluation Based on JACK

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Wu ◽  
Zhili Zhou ◽  
Zhiqiang Xi ◽  
Jishun Li
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Control Panel ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Gear Shift ◽  
Clutch Pedal ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Ergonomic Evaluation

Aimed at the drawbacks of traditional method of spot evaluation for tractor cabs, such as low effectiveness and high expense, this paper established a new method of tractor cab design and evaluation, which included formulating ergonomic evaluation process, creating virtual models of tractor cab and operators, building virtual environment of tractor cab man-machine system and conducting ergonomic evaluation. The YTO-1604 wheeled tractor has been taken as the analysis object, the layouts of its seat, accelerator pedal, clutch pedal, brake pedal, gear shift lever, steering wheel and other major parts were optimized. The optimized model was created by UG, then it was imported into JACK, thus the object for analysis was created. To accommodate the Chinese tractor operator population, the 95th, 50th and 5th percentile virtual operator models which respectively stands for the big figure, medium figure and small figure of Chinese adult males for ergonomic evaluation were created in JACK, and the angular comfort range for human body joints were determined. The 50th percentile operator was adjusted to a cozy posture through human control module, with hands holding steering wheel, left foot naturally put on clutch pedal, while right foot flat placed on the floor. The operator was located to the h point of seat in the optimized cab model, thus the man-machine virtual environment was completely built. Then the reach zone of the 5th percentile operator and the visual field of the 95th percentile operator were generated, the 95th percentile operator’s comfort was evaluated and the forces of the 95th percentile operator’s spinal L4/L5 were calculated. The results showed that the gear shift lever, steering wheel and control panel were located in the accessible reach zones, conforming to manipulation requirements. Control panel and windshield (except for part of the side windshield which could be observed by moving head) were contained in the visual field, according with vision design standard. The overall comfort score of the 95th percentile operator’s different body parts was 24.5, which indicated that the operator was in good condition and the design conformed to physiological requirements. The lower back compression force of the 95th percentile operator was 742, representing a nominal risk of lower back injury for operators. Thus, the rationality of cab layout scheme was well verified. This paper provides a method for the ergonomic design and evaluation of tractor cabs.

The Value of an Accelerator Release Signal

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf G. Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Valid Information ◽  
Lead Vehicle

The value of a signal shown on the rear of an automobile when the accelerator is released was investigated by measuring (1) the magnitude of decelerations in coasting passenger cars, (2) the ability of drivers to detect coasting of a vehicle they are following, and (3) coasting periods used by a number of drivers on various trips. Coasting decelerations of a sample of passenger vehicles did not exceed 3 ft/sec 2. The driver's sensitivity (ΔH), the change in spacing necessary to detect coasting of a lead vehicle, was a direct function of the initial headway (H) with a median value ΔH = 0.12H. Instrumentation of a motor-pool automobile showed that most coasting durations were between 0.5 and 5 sec. with speed reductions of less than 4 mph. Release of the accelerator pedal was followed by braking on less than 50% of the coasting occasions. It was concluded that a coasting signal could not reliably indicate that braking would follow and was largely unnecessary for detection of coasting, but could aid in reducing the development of critical conditions when coasting periods exceed about 5 sec. A signal given only when coasting duration exceeds 5 sec. would not occur frequently and would provide valid information on most occasions.

scholarly journals Recycling Potential of Plastic Resources from End-of-Life Passenger Vehicles in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10285
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Shiyu Huang ◽  
Yanhui Liu ◽  
Yiyi Ju
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Recycling Potential ◽  
Recyclable Resources

A rapid increase in the number of end-of-life (EoL) passenger vehicles has led to a large amount of waste plastics in China. However, the scale and efficiency of recycling resources from EoL vehicles still restricts the sustainable and healthy development of the automotive industry. The current behavior of automotive/recycling industry entities, as well as the strategy of waste management policymakers, may depend on the potential of total recyclable resources. To reveal such recycling potential of various plastic materials in EoL passenger vehicles, we predicted total EoL passenger vehicles in China from 2021 to 2030 (used the Weibull distribution) considering passenger vehicle ownership (estimated by the Gompertz model), quantified the demand for new passenger vehicles (estimated using its non-linear relationship with income level and passenger vehicle ownership), and assessed the recyclable plastics by categories and by provinces. The results show that (i) the annual average recycled plastic resources from EoL vehicles would exceed 2400 thousand t in 2030, more than 2.5 times in 2021, showing a great recycling potential; (ii) the differences among the three scenarios are relatively small, indicating that no matter the saturation level of passenger vehicles in China would be high or low, a rapid increase of recyclable plastic resources can be expected from 2021 to 2030; (iii) at the provincial level, a considerable gap between the potential of recycling plastic from EoL passenger vehicles and the regional processing capacity. Given such great potential and regional differences, the recycling policies should be applied in stages and consider the development level and recovery pressure in each region.

Optimization Based Design for Integrated Powertrain Control With Electronic Throttle

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daekyun Kim ◽  
Huei Peng ◽  
Shushan Bai ◽  
Joel M. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Control ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Opening Angle ◽  
Accelerator Pedal ◽  
Constant Power ◽  
Electronic Throttle ◽  
Gear Shift ◽  
Powertrain Control ◽  
Customer Group ◽  
Control Scheme

A process to design the control algorithm for an integrated powertrain system is proposed in this paper. The driver accelerator pedal position is first measured and interpreted as a power request. This power request is then satisfied by coordinating the transmission gear shift and the throttle position. The Dynamic Programming (DP) technique is used to obtain the optimal gear shift and throttle position for each predetermined constant power demands over a time horizon. The optimal results at different power levels are then combined to form a gear map and a throttle map. Flexible control architecture is presented where the relationship between the accelerator pedal rotation angle and the throttle opening angle can be adjusted according to the preference of the targeting customer group. Simulation and dyno test results show that the proposed integrated control scheme provides smooth constant power and improves fuel efficiency compared with the conventional transmission control scheme.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Adaptive Shift Schedule of Tractor Subjected to Random Load

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qingmei Cao ◽  
Zhili Zhou ◽  
Mingzhu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Random Load ◽  
Shift Schedule ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Schedule Modification ◽  
Fuzzy Adaptive

In this paper, the low frequency random load of a tractor is presented. Controlled by a theoretical three-parameter shift schedule, the random load would frequently trigger the random shift. Simultaneously, the driving force of the tractor should be consistent prior to and following this shift. Additionally, the higher traction efficiency and improved load utilization rate should be ensured by a choice of a transmission ratio of the tractor power shift transmission. The shift schedule was utilized for the aforementioned problems solution. An innovative method is presented for theoretical shift schedule modification by the fuzzy algorithm, based on the random load standard deviation and the alteration rate of both steady state values of the load and of the throttle position. The simulation results demonstrated that the modified shift schedule could discover the running state of the tractor. By shielding the random shift judgment caused by the random load, the stability of the tractor was ensured. When the shift was required, the schedule could rapidly respond, whereas the tractor driving force did not sustain a sudden alteration. The schedule could also automatically select and maintain the transmission ratio with higher traction efficiency.

scholarly journals The Potential and Trend of End-Of-Life Passenger Vehicles Recycling in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Kiyoshi Fujikawa ◽  
Junbo Wang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yiyi Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Potential Population ◽  
Light Weighting ◽  
Recyclable Resources ◽  
Manufacturing Mode

The contradiction between limited resources and rapid development in the automobile industry has been driving society to seek the supply of recyclable resources from End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs). It has become an urgent need for vehicle recycling policymakers to have an overall understanding of the end-of-life (EoL) vehicle population, as well as for vehicle producers to note what and how they can benefit from ELV recycling. This paper estimated the potential population of EoL passenger vehicles, all recyclable resources from them, as well as the economic values of these recyclable resources. The results show that in 2030, with a lighter-weight trend of passenger vehicles, more than 26.3 million passenger vehicles will be retired with 19.1 million tons of recyclable steel and 6.2 million tons of plastics. The theoretical economic value of all recyclable resources will reach 101.3 billion yuan ($14.4 billion) in 2030, which is an average of approximately 2.4 thousand yuan ($341.8) for each EoL passenger vehicle. It is time for the vehicle producers to shift to a manufacturing mode considering such large potential of ELV recycling. The scenario analysis suggests that in the context of a light-weighting trend, ELV resource recovery in the future calls for improvement in the recycling and reuse technologies of plastics and rubbers.

A New Method of Gear-Position Decision for Automatic Manual Transmission of Parallel Hybrid Electric Bus

2012 ◽  
Vol 215-216 ◽  
pp. 322-326
Author(s):  
Hong Kun Zhang ◽  
Wen Jun Li ◽  
Fu Gen Hua
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Software ◽  
Manual Transmission ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Hybrid Electric Bus ◽  
Decision Method ◽  
Shift Schedule ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
Parallel Hybrid ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Hybrid Electric

In this paper, the gear-position decision method based on 3-parameter the optimal economical shift schedule for Automatic Manual Transmission (AMT) of Parallel Hybrid Electric Bus (PHEB) is proposed. Vehicle simulation model was built by using ADVISOR simulation software. The simulation results show that 3-parameter shift schedule has improved in economical performance of PHEB compared with 2-parameter shift schedule.

Design of Stability Augmentation Systems for Automotive Vehicles

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Optimization ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Driver Model ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Yaw Rate ◽  
Directional Stability ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Stability Augmentation

The high-speed cruising stability of passenger vehicles may be enhanced with stability augmentation systems. These systems would modify the driver’s steering command to the vehicle’s front wheels, and steer the rear wheels according to measured vehicle conditions such as its yaw-rate. In this simulation study, an explicit driver model is used in the design of these stability augmentation systems. For ease of implementation, only low-order controllers are synthesized using parameter optimization. The high-speed, straight-line stability of a passenger vehicle in a cross-wind is simulated to evaluate steering performance with these controllers. Our results show that stability augmented steering has the potential to improve the directional stability of passenger vehicles.

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