scholarly journals The Dark Side of Information Proliferation

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas T. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Dark Side ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Cognitive Selection ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
Balanced Information

There are well-understood psychological limits on our capacity to process information. As information proliferation—the consumption and sharing of information—increases through social media and other communications technology, these limits create an attentional bottleneck, favoring information that is more likely to be searched for, attended to, comprehended, encoded, and later reproduced. In information-rich environments, this bottleneck influences the evolution of information via four forces of cognitive selection, selecting for information that is belief-consistent, negative, social, and predictive. Selection for belief-consistent information leads balanced information to support increasingly polarized views. Selection for negative information amplifies information about downside risks and crowds out potential benefits. Selection for social information drives herding, impairs objective assessments, and reduces exploration for solutions to hard problems. Selection for predictive patterns drives overfitting, the replication crisis, and risk seeking. This article summarizes the negative implications of these forces of cognitive selection and presents eight warnings that represent severe pitfalls for the naive “informavore,” accelerating extremism, hysteria, herding, and the proliferation of misinformation.

Loading Strategies in Acute Mania

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 919-922, 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan T. Carroll ◽  
Arthur Thalassinos ◽  
Jay D. Fawver
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Patient Selection ◽  
High Light ◽  
Acute Mania ◽  
Divalproex Sodium ◽  
Haloperidol Decanoate ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Selection For

AbstractTreatment of acute mania has been greatly influenced by loading strategies. Loading has potential benefits, including rapid symptom reduction in mania and a shortened length of stay. Disadvantages include an increased likelihood of adverse effects of the medications. Loading strategies for lithium, valproic acid (divalproex sodium), carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, olanzapine, and haloperidol decanoate in the treatment of acute mania are discussed. Recent studies high-light this treatment option for selected patients. It is the unique properties of the medications that influence their use in loading. Issues in patient selection for loading strategies with each medication are also considered.

scholarly journals The impact of using virtual patients in preclinical pharmacology teaching

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-369
Author(s):  
Persoulla A. Nicolaou ◽  
Mamoun El Saifi
Keyword(s):  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Traditional Teaching ◽  
Virtual Patients ◽  
Angoff Method ◽  
Passive Learning ◽  
Preclinical Pharmacology ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
The Impact

To reduce medication errors, medical educators must nurture the early development of rational and safe prescribing. Teaching pharmacology is challenging because it requires knowledge integration across disciplines, including physiology and pathology. Traditionally, pharmacology has been taught using lecture-based learning, which conveys consistent information but may promote passive learning. Virtual patients (VPs) have been used more recently to promote active learning, mainly in clinical years. Conversely, the use of VPs in preclinical disciplines, including pharmacology, is not well described. The objective was to investigate the potential benefits of combining traditional teaching with VPs in preclinical pharmacology teaching. All year 3 medical students (2 cohorts), enrolled in the Systematic Pharmacology I course (lectures: 3 h weekly; tutorial: 1 h weekly), were invited to participate in this naturalistic, prospective study. During tutorials, students were taught using case-based discussion and single-best-answer questions (control) in four tutorials and VPs (experimental) in the remaining six tutorials. The impact of VPs was assessed by 1) performance in written examinations, and 2) student satisfaction/perceptions, using a validated, modified questionnaire. Examination performance related to teaching in VP-based tutorials was significantly improved, compared with traditional tutorials. The level of difficulty of control and experimental assessment items was comparable, as determined by the Angoff method. Facilitation of learning was higher in VP tutorials, while a no-harm effect was noted on knowledge acquisition/maintenance, authenticity of learning, and disadvantages of learning. VPs may be effectively integrated in preclinical pharmacology teaching, with benefits on pharmacological knowledge and facilitation of learning.

scholarly journals Using Risk Models to Improve Patient Selection for High-Risk Vascular Surgery

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Philip P. Goodney
Keyword(s):  
Patient Selection ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Improve Patient Selection ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
Improve Patient

Vascular surgeons frequently perform procedures aimed at limiting death, stroke, or amputation on patients who present with diseases such as aortic aneurysms, carotid atherosclerosis, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. However, now more than ever surgeons must balance the potential benefits associated with these interventions with the risks of physiologic insult for these elderly patients, who often have significant comorbidity burdens and the potential for costly complications. In this paper, we highlight how regional and national datasets can help surgeons identify which patients are most likely to benefit from vascular operations and which patients are most likely to suffer complications in the postoperative period. By using these guidelines to improve patient selection, our risk models can help patients, physicians, and policymakers improve the clinical effectiveness of surgical and endovascular treatments for vascular disease.

Empathy for service: benefits, unintended consequences, and future research agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana L. Bove
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Advance Theory

PurposeEmpathy is a core characteristic of helping and caring interactions and thus is fundamental to service. Yet, to date, service marketing literature has focused on a restricted view of the value of empathy as it leads to improved service quality perceptions and successful sales outcomes. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the empathy literature and the dispositional and situational factors affecting it, so as to further explore its potential benefits and limitations for service.Design/methodology/approachA summative review of the empathy literature uncovers cause–effect relationships and their potential boundary conditions. Theoretical propositions set an agenda for future research on empathy for service that breaks new ground.FindingsEmpathy can reduce anti-social, revenge, discrimination and unethical behaviors in service settings. It can also improve value-in-context experiences for users of service innovations. Notwithstanding its potential benefits, empathy can diminish the objectivity and performance of service providers when experienced at extreme levels. Empathy can also serve as an ingratiation influence tactic and can be detrimental to the target in embarrassing service contexts.Originality/valueThis paper suggests propositions for future research to advance theory and managerial practice on the use of empathy to improve service outcomes for interacting actors. It also alludes to the potential dark side of empathy when experienced at excessive levels or when used to manipulate.

E-Governance and Development

2011 ◽  
pp. 98-108
Author(s):  
Raul Zambrano
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Governance Process ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Basic Services

This article provides a quick assessment of current e-governance policies and programmes to then suggest an alternative approach to the issue of the use information and communications technology in governance process. By focusing on citizens and stakeholders needs and fostering their participation in decision-making processes, governments can be best prepared to provide them with basic services and information, especially to poor and marginalized areas excluded from the potential benefits of egovernance. Pro-poor basic delivery in turn has the potential of fostering stakeholder engagement in public policy discussions at the local level.

scholarly journals TeleGam: Combining Visualization and Verbalization for Interpretable Machine Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Hohman ◽  
Arjun Srinivasan ◽  
Steven M. Drucker
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Interpretable Machine Learning ◽  
User Expectations ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Key Aspects

While machine learning (ML) continues to find success in solving previously-thought hard problems, interpreting and exploring ML models remains challenging. Recent work has shown that visualizations are a powerful tool to aid debugging, analyzing, and interpreting ML models. However, depending on the complexity of the model (e.g., number of features), interpreting these visualizations can be difficult and may require additional expertise. Alternatively, textual descriptions, or verbalizations, can be a simple, yet effective way to communicate or summarize key aspects about a model, such as the overall trend in a model’s predictions or comparisons between pairs of data instances. With the potential benefits of visualizations and verbalizations in mind, we explore how the two can be combined to aid ML interpretability. Specifically, we present a prototype system, TeleGam, that demonstrates how visualizations and verbalizations can collectively support interactive exploration of ML models, for example, generalized additive models (GAMs). We describe TeleGam’s interface and underlying heuristics to generate the verbalizations. We conclude by discussing how TeleGam can serve as a platform to conduct future studies for understanding user expectations and designing novel interfaces for interpretable ML.

scholarly journals BREEDING BROWN ANTHER TYPE MALE STERILITY OF CARROT

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 644c-644
Author(s):  
Yong Park
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Good Seed ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Breeding Scheme ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Selection For

This experiment was carried out to breed promising brown anther type male sterile lines of carrots having the desirable characteristics of higher seed yield and stable phenotypic expression of male sterility. Brown anther type male sterile lines used for this experiment had been derived from the male sterile sources selected from the seed multiplication plots of Shin Kurota cultivar in 1972. Brown anther type male sterile lines are, in general, good seed yielders but frequently show unstable phenotypic expression of male sterility as compared to petaloid type male sterile lines. Through several years of selection for male sterile lines and plants, brown anther type male sterile lines with good seed-yielding potentials and stable phenotypic expression similar to petaloid type were developed. Outline of the breeding scheme, potential benefits of these newly bred MS lines, etc. will be discussed.

The Dark Side of Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elayne Coakes ◽  
Antony Bryant ◽  
Frank Land ◽  
Andy Phippen
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Privacy Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Media

In 2010 Jeff Baker proposed a panel for the 2010 ICIS Conference in St. Louis on the topic ” Technologies that Transform Business and Research: Lessons from the Past as we look into the Future? (Baker  et al., 2011), He invited Frank Land to be a member of the panel. Frank sought to explore some topics that were receiving a great deal of attention from the media and in particular the computer press as well amongst IS practitioners, management and academia. The topic was the apparently rapidly growing threat coming from the misuse or criminal use of information and communications technology (ICT) as well as the use of the technology in warfare (Cyberwarfare). The issues were discussed under a variety of labels but usually included terms such as security, privacy, risk and piracy.

Selective exposure to COVID-19 vaccination information: the influence of prior attitude, perceived threat level and information limit

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Li ◽  
Yujia Li ◽  
Pengyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
Consistent Information ◽  
Balanced Information

PurposeThe massive amount of available information and functionality of the Internet makes selective information seeking effortless. This paper aims to understand the selective exposure to information during a health decision-making task.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted an experiment with a sample of 36 students to examine the influence of prior attitude, perceived threat level and information limit on users’ selective exposure to and recall of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination information. Participants were assigned to two conditions with or without an upper limit of the number of articles to be examined, and this study collected the number of articles read, the number of articles included in the report and recall score of the articles after one day of the experiment.FindingsThis study found that (1) participants with a negative attitude were more inclined to view attitude-consistent information and recalled attitude-consistent information more accurately, while participants with a positive attitude viewed more balanced information; (2) participants perceiving higher health threat level recalled attitude-consistent information more accurately; and (3) an upper limit on the number of articles to be viewed does not have any impact on selective exposure.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this paper pinpoint the disparity of influence of positive and negative attitudes on selective exposure to and selective recall of health information, which was not previously recognized.Practical implicationsVaccination campaigns should focus on reaching people with negative attitudes who are more prone to selective exposure to encourage them to seek more balanced information.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to explore selective exposure to COVID-19 vaccination information. This study found that people with a negative attitude and a higher level of perceived health threat are more prone to selective exposure, which was not found in previous research.

Consumer-oriented exploitation and conservation of genetic resources of pumpkins and squash, Cucurbita

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 202-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry S. Paris
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Conservation Of Genetic Resources ◽  
Consumer Orientation ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Horticultural Products ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Species Specific

Pumpkins and squash, Cucurbita species, are valued horticultural products almost everywhere. They have been cultivated and subjected to consumer-oriented selection for thousands of years. Under this consumer orientation, they have been improved culinarily and diversified into the wonderful array of fruit sizes, shapes, and colors that are seen today. Besides their value as food items, pumpkins and squash are associated by people with abundance, warmth, sexuality, and life itself. My current objective is to provide a succinct perspective on the process of consumer-oriented exploitation of pumpkin and squash genetic resources. I briefly review the etymology, taxonomy and gross morphology of Cucurbita plants. A view is presented of how gathering, nurturing, domestication and cultivation of Cucurbita, species-specific and consumer-driven, maintained some of the parallels among species but also magnified the phenotypic differences among them. At greater length are considered the differences in resource allocation required for the preferential consumer-driven production of mature versus young fruits. Environmental effects, abiotic and biotic, are briefly mentioned, as are some of the potential benefits of biotechnology, genetic engineering, mapping, genomics, and gene editing as cognates for breeding. Finally, I consider the processes and needs for collection, maintenance, characterization, and availability of Cucurbita genetic resources and the dangers imposed by under-informed administrators in academia and cavalier governmental regulatory statutes toward future consumer-oriented improvement of pumpkins and squash.

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