Stable preview difficulty effects in reading with an improved variant of the boundary paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1632-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Risse ◽  
Stefan Seelig
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Boundary Current ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Duration Distribution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Boundary Paradigm

Using gaze-contingent display changes in the boundary paradigm during sentence reading, it has recently been shown that parafoveal word-processing difficulties affect fixations on words to the right of the boundary. Current interpretations of this post-boundary preview difficulty effect range from delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effects in parallel word-processing models to forced fixations in serial word-processing models. However, these findings are based on an experimental design that, while allowing to isolate preview difficulty effects, might have established a bias with respect to asymmetries in parafoveal preview benefit for high-frequent and low-frequent target words. Here, we present a revision of this paradigm varying the preview’s lexical frequency and keeping the target word constant. We found substantial effects of the preview difficulty in fixation durations after the boundary confirming that preview processing affects the oculomotor decisions not only via trans-saccadic integration of preview and target word information. An additional time-course analysis showed that the preview difficulty effect was significant across the full fixation duration distribution on the target word without any evidence on the pretarget word before the boundary. We discuss implications of the accumulating evidence of post-boundary preview difficulty effects for models of eye movement control during reading.

Contextual constraint and preview time modulate the semantic preview effect: Evidence from Chinese sentence reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
Suiping Wang ◽  
Luxi Mo ◽  
Reinhold Kliegl
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Contextual Constraint ◽  
Low Constraint ◽  
The Impact

Word recognition in sentence reading is influenced by information from both preview and context. Recently, semantic preview effect (SPE) was observed being modulated by the constraint of context, indicating that context might accelerate the processing of semantically related preview words. Besides, SPE was found to depend on preview time, which suggests that SPE may change with different processing stages of preview words. Therefore, it raises the question of whether preview time-dependent SPE would be modulated by contextual constraint. In this study, we not only investigated the impact of contextual constraint on SPE in Chinese reading but also examined its dependency on preview time. The preview word and the target word were identical, semantically related or unrelated to the target word. The results showed a significant three-way interaction: The SPE depended on contextual constraint and preview time. In separate analyses for low and high contextual constraint of target words, the SPE significantly decreased with an increase in preview duration when the target word was of low constraint in the sentence. The effect was numerically in the same direction but weaker and statistically nonsignificant when the target word was highly constrained in the sentence. The results indicate that word processing in sentences is a dynamic process of integrating information from both preview (bottom-up) and context (top-down).

scholarly journals Parafoveal pre-processing in children reading English: The importance of external letters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara V. Milledge ◽  
Hazel I. Blythe ◽  
Simon P. Liversedge
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Unrelated Control ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Boundary Paradigm ◽  
Child Readers

Abstract Although previous research has demonstrated that for adults external letters of words are more important than internal letters for lexical processing during reading, no comparable research has been conducted with children. This experiment explored, using the boundary paradigm during silent sentence reading, whether parafoveal pre-processing in English is more affected by the manipulation of external letters or internal letters, and whether this differs between skilled adult and beginner child readers. Six previews were generated: identity (e.g., monkey); external letter manipulations where either the beginning three letters of the word were substituted (e.g., rackey) or the last three letters of the word were substituted (e.g., monhig); internal letter manipulations; e.g., machey, mochiy); and an unrelated control condition (e.g., rachig). Results indicate that both adults and children undertook pre-processing of words in their entirety in the parafovea, and that the manipulation of external letters in preview was more harmful to participants’ parafoveal pre-processing than internal letters. The data also suggest developmental change in the time course of pre-processing, with children’s pre-processing delayed compared to that of adults. These results not only provide further evidence for the importance of external letters to parafoveal processing and lexical identification for adults, but also demonstrate that such findings can be extended to children.

scholarly journals Predictive modeling of the influence of parafoveal information processing on eye guidance in reading

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Engbert ◽  
Stefan Alexander Seelig ◽  
Sarah Risse
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Saccade Control ◽  
Reading Experiment ◽  
The Right

Skilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control.

Time Course of Activating Brain Areas in Generating Verbal Associations

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalchin G. Abdullaev ◽  
Michael I. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Wernicke’S Area ◽  
The Right

Generating a use for a visual word in comparison with reading the word aloud activates frontal attention areas first (170 ms), a left lateral frontal area next (250 ms), and then a left temporoparietal (Wernicke's) area (650 ms) A brief period of practice reduces these activations If subjects are asked to respond to a word from the same practiced list by giving a novel use, the original activations reappear and are joined by activity similar in location and time to Wernicke's activation but in the right hemisphere These findings demonstrate the time course of activations of neuroanatomical areas in word processing and indicate a role for the right hemisphere when semantic processing is more difficult, such as in generating a less frequent association in the presence of a highly practiced one

scholarly journals Predictive modeling of parafoveal information processing during reading

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Seelig ◽  
Sarah Risse ◽  
Ralf Engbert
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Saccade Control ◽  
Reading Experiment ◽  
The Right

AbstractSkilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control.

scholarly journals Cross-linguistic differences in parafoveal semantic and orthographic processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh B. Fernandez ◽  
Christoph Scheepers ◽  
Shanley E. M. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
German Word ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Boundary Paradigm

AbstractIn this study we investigated parafoveal processing by L1 and late L2 speakers of English (L1 German) while reading in English. We hypothesized that L2ers would make use of semantic and orthographic information parafoveally. Using the gaze contingent boundary paradigm, we manipulated six parafoveal masks in a sentence (Mark found th*e wood for the fire; * indicates the invisible boundary): identical word mask (wood), English orthographic mask (wook), English string mask (zwwl), German mask (holz), German orthographic mask (holn), and German string mask (kxfs). We found an orthographic benefit for L1ers and L2ers when the mask was orthographically related to the target word (wood vs. wook) in line with previous L1 research. English L2ers did not derive a benefit (rather an interference) when a non-cognate translation mask from their L1 was used (wood vs. holz), but did derive a benefit from a German orthographic mask (wood vs. holn). While unexpected, it may be that L2ers incur a switching cost when the complete German word is presented parafoveally, and derive a benefit by keeping both lexicons active when a partial German word is presented parafoveally (narrowing down lexical candidates). To the authors’ knowledge there is no mention of parafoveal processing in any model of L2 processing/reading, and the current study provides the first evidence for a parafoveal non-cognate orthographic benefit (but only with partial orthographic overlap) in sentence reading for L2ers. We discuss how these findings fit into the framework of bilingual word recognition theories.

scholarly journals A Time-Course Comparison of Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Alterations in Walker-256 Tumour-Bearing Rats at Different Stages of Life

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Gabriela de Matuoka e Chiocchetti ◽  
Leisa Lopes-Aguiar ◽  
Natália Angelo da Silva Miyaguti ◽  
Lais Rosa Viana ◽  
Carla de Moraes Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Tumour Bearing ◽  
Walker 256 Tumour ◽  
Walker 256 ◽  
Muscle Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biomarker Research ◽  
Host Metabolism

Cancer cachexia is a severe wasting condition that needs further study to find ways to minimise the effects of damage and poor prognosis. Skeletal muscle is the most impacted tissue in cancer cachexia; thus, elucidation of its metabolic alterations could provide a direct clue for biomarker research and be applied to detect this syndrome earlier. In addition, concerning the significant changes in the host metabolism across life, this study aimed to compare the metabolic muscle changes in cachectic tumour-bearing hosts at different ages. We performed 1H-NMR metabolomics in the gastrocnemius muscle in weanling and young adult Walker-256 tumour-bearing rats at different stages of tumour evolution (initial, intermediate, and advanced). Among the 49 metabolites identified, 24 were significantly affected throughout tumour evolution and 21 were significantly affected regarding animal age. The altered metabolites were mainly related to increased amino acid levels and changed energetic metabolism in the skeletal muscle, suggesting an expressive catabolic process and diverted energy production, especially in advanced tumour stages in both groups. Moreover, these changes were more severe in weanling hosts throughout tumour evolution, suggesting the distinct impact of cancer cachexia regarding the host’s age, highlighting the need to adopting the right animal age when studying cancer cachexia.

Manipulator system designs for drawing random objects through point cloud posture estimation

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440542097946
Author(s):  
Ching-Chang Wong ◽  
Hsuan Ming Feng ◽  
Yu-Cheng Lai ◽  
Hsiang-Yun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Null Space ◽  
Robot Manipulator ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Device Management ◽  
Redundant Robot ◽  
Better Regulation ◽  
The Right

This paper designed a 7-DOF redundant robot manipulator that can flexibly and efficiently pick-up random objects. The developed 7-DOF machine with an additional redundancy achieved great progress in terms of flexibility and efficiency in the operational space. A robot operating system (ROS) was used to configure the manipulator system’s software modules, supporting convenient system interface, appropriate movement control policy, and powerful hardware device management for better regulation of the manipulator’s motions. A 3D type Point Cloud Library (PCL) was utilized to perform a novel point cloud image pre-processing method that did not only reduce the point cloud number but also maintained the original quality. The results of the experiment showed that the estimation speed in object detection and recognition procedure improved significantly. The redundant robot manipulator architecture with the two-stage search algorithm was able to find the optimal null space. Suitable parameters in D-H transformation of forward kinematics were selected to efficiently control and position the manipulator in the right posture. Meanwhile, the reverse kinematics estimated all angles of the joints through the known manipulator position, orientation, and redundancy. Finally, motion panning implementation of manipulator rapidly and successfully reached the random object position and automatically drew it up to approximate the desired target.

Influence of cycloheximide on the lung

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Gail ◽  
G. D. Massaro ◽  
D. Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Density ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Lamellar Body ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Cytoplasmic Area ◽  
The Right

We examined the time course of the influence of cycloheximide on descending pressure-volume curves of excised lungs and on protein and lecithin synthesis and oxygen consumption by lung slices. We also looked at the influence of cycloheximide on granular pneumocyte ultrastructure. Excised lungs from cycloheximide-treated animals are more compliant than controls. After ventilation with air, lungs from control and cycloheximide animals show increased retractive forces and a shift to the right of the deflation P-V curve. Incubation at 38 degrees C for 30 min reverses these changes in control lungs, but not in lungs from cycloheximide-treated rabbits. There is no change in liquid delfation P-V curves after cycloheximide. Cycloheximide causes an immediate decrease of 50% in incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein by lung slices. Incorporation of radioactive palmitate into lecithin and oxygen consumption are also decreased by 50% 6 h after cycloheximide. Lamellar bodies in granular pneumocytes are smaller after cycloheximide. Cycloheximide causes a significant increase in the surface density of the lamellar body envelope. Cytoplasmic area of granular pneumocytes is increased after cycloheximide.

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