scholarly journals Forgetting tracked by recognition of pictures

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110478
Author(s):  
Donald Laming
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Recognition Model ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Test Picture

Thirty-three participants viewed 1,000 pictures for 6 s each. Recognition was tested after 10 different intervals of time by mixing 100 of the original 1,000 with 100 new pictures. Participants judged each test picture “Old” or “New” on a 6-point scale. The unequal-variance recognition model is reinterpreted to estimate the probability of retrieval of an original (1,000) picture after each lapse of time. A second model then relates those different estimates of accessibility to the lapse of time, taking into account the interference on each test from pictures presented in preceding tests. Studies of category judgement explain (a) why the model distributions are normal, (b) why the operating characteristics are asymmetric, (c) why they are curvilinear, and (d) why the asymmetry decreases with lapse of time, this to justify a particular estimate of accessibility (probability of retrieval). Nine candidate functions are shown to the accessibilities. The underlying relation is a power law, but the exponent is poorly determined by the data (−1.5, −0.5), as also is the offset from the temporal origin. Comparisons with previous work identify two different relationships with respect to lapse of time: The retrieval of a unique image shows an approximately reciprocal loss, whereas a decrease in the amount of material reproduced by recall, recognition, or other method is approximately logarithmic. The present experiment exhibits both relationships, depending on whether specific account is taken of the effects of interference or, alternatively, interference is entirely ignored.

Constructing and model-fitting receiver operator characteristics using continuous data.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Ann Urquhart ◽  
Akira O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Discrete Discrimination

Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) are plots which provide a visual summary of a classifier’s decision response accuracy at varying discrimination thresholds. Typical practice, particularly within psychological studies, involves plotting an ROC from a limited number of discrete thresholds before fitting signal detection parameters to the plot. We propose that additional insight into decision-making could be gained through increasing ROC resolution, using trial-by-trial measurements derived from a continuous variable, in place of discrete discrimination thresholds. Such continuous ROCs are not yet routinely used in behavioural research, which we attribute to issues of practicality (i.e. the difficulty of applying standard ROC model-fitting methodologies to continuous data). Consequently, the purpose of the current article is to provide a documented method of fitting signal detection parameters to continuous ROCs. This method reliably produces model fits equivalent to the unequal variance least squares method of model-fitting (Yonelinas et al., 1998), irrespective of the number of data points used in ROC construction. We present the suggested method in three main stages: I) building continuous ROCs, II) model-fitting to continuous ROCs and III) extracting model parameters from continuous ROCs. Throughout the article, procedures are demonstrated in Microsoft Excel, using an example continuous variable: reaction time, taken from a single-item recognition memory. Supplementary MATLAB code used for automating our procedures is also presented in Appendix B, with a validation of the procedure using simulated data shown in Appendix C.

scholarly journals Evidence for the Contribution of A Threshold Retrieval Process to Semantic Memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2026-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kempnich ◽  
Josephine A. Urquhart ◽  
Akira R. O'Connor ◽  
Chris J.A. Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Target Identification ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Process ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Semantic Task ◽  
Unequal Variance ◽  
Detection Model

It is widely held that episodic retrieval can recruit two processes: a threshold context retrieval process (recollection) and a continuous signal strength process (familiarity). Conversely the processes recruited during semantic retrieval are less well specified. We developed a semantic task analogous to single-item episodic recognition to interrogate semantic recognition receiver-operating characteristics (ROCs) for a marker of a threshold retrieval process. We fitted observed ROC points to three signal detection models: two models typically used in episodic recognition (unequal variance and dual-process signal detection models) and a novel dual-process recollect-to-reject (DP-RR) signal detection model that allows a threshold recollection process to aid both target identification and lure rejection. Given the nature of most semantic questions, we anticipated the DP-RR model would best fit the semantic task data. Experiment 1 (506 participants) provided evidence for a threshold retrieval process in semantic memory, with overall best fits to the DP-RR model. Experiment 2 (316 participants) found within-subjects estimates of episodic and semantic threshold retrieval to be uncorrelated. Our findings add weight to the proposal that semantic and episodic memory are served by similar dual-process retrieval systems, though the relationship between the two threshold processes needs to be more fully elucidated.

Relativity of Judgements about Sound Amplitude and the Asymmetry of the Same-Different ROC

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1035-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hautus ◽  
R. John Irwin ◽  
Sarah Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristics ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Receiver Operating

The problem of deciding whether two things are the same or different in magnitude can be solved by judging one magnitude relative to the other, or by making absolute judgements about the magnitude of each. The shape of the resulting receiver operating characteristic depends on which solution is adopted. In order to obtain empirical receiver operating characteristics, we therefore had subjects rate their confidence that two tone amplitudes were the same or different. Four subjects each made 500 ratings of three differences in amplitude. The asymmetry in the obtained characteristics indicated that subjects made relative rather than absolute judgements of the amplitudes, despite the fact that making absolute judgements would lead to better performance on the task.

Interim [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucosepositron Emission Tomography Suvmax Reduction Is Superior to Visual Analysis to Predict Early patient's Outcome in Hodgkin Lymphoma

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3630-3630
Author(s):  
Cedric Rossi ◽  
Salim Kanoun ◽  
Alina Berriolo-Riedinger ◽  
Olivier Humbert ◽  
Inna Dygay-Cochet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Interim Pet

Abstract Abstract 3630 Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (PET) performed after two cycles of chemotherapy could predict treatment outcome in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (Gallamini et al J.Clin.Oncol. 2007; 25: 3746), but suitable criteria to interpret interim PET remain to be established. A standardized visual analysis using a 5-point scale (5PS) was proposed to assess interim PET response and an international validation study is currently on going. However, standardized uptake value (SUV) may improve interim PET accuracy, and maximum SUV reduction (ΔSUVmax) between baseline and interim PET was shown to be superior to visual analysis in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (Casasnovas et al, Blood 2011; 118: 37). To compare the clinical usefulness of both methods in patients with HL, we analysed interim PET according to visual and SUV criteria in a retrospective single centre study. From January 2007 to January 2010, 59 consecutive patients with a first diagnosis ofHL were treated in our institution. All patients received 4 to 8 cycles of chemotherapy including ABVD in 50 cases (85%) and BEACOPP in 9 cases. Radiotherapy was performed in 14 responding patients with localized disease. PET was done at baseline (PET0) and after 2 cycles of chemotherapy (PET2) and therapeutic strategy was not modified according to PET2 result. All PET scans were reviewed by SK, ABR and IDC, and interpreted using the 5PS criteria, PET being considered positive when the 5PS score was 4 or 5. SUVmax reduction values between PET0 and PET2 (ΔSUVmaxPET0–2) were available for all patients, and after using the receiver operating characteristics approach, patients with a ΔSUVmaxPET0–2 >71% were considered as good responders after 2 cycles. Progression-free survival (PFS) and freedom from treatment failure (FFTF) were analyzed according to PET results based on 5PS and ΔSUVmaxcriteria. Median follow-up was 39 months (range: 6–62). Using visual analysis,46 (78%) patients achieved a negative PET2. Seven of them experienced a treatment failure, leading to a PET2 negative predictive value (NPV) of 85%. Fourty nine (83%) patients had a ΔSUVmaxPET0–2 >71% and 6 of them failed to treatment (NPV = 88%). By contrast PET2 positive predictive value (PPV) was significantly better for ΔSUVmax analysis (70%) compared to visual analysis (46%). Using ΔSUVmax analysis, 6 (46%) of the 13 PET2 positive patients could be reclassified as good responder after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. While visual PET2 positivity was associated to a lower 3-year PFS (45%) or FFTF (51%) compared to PET2 negativity (3-year PFS=80%, p=0.001 and 3-year FFTF= 82%, p<0.0035; respectively), ΔSUVmaxPET0–2 (>71% vs≤71%) was more accurate to identify patients with significantly different 3-year PFS (81% vs 30%; p<0.0001; HR = 6.77) and FFTF (85% vs 30%; p<0.0001; HR = 8.79). In multivariate analysis, using the international prognosis score and ΔSUVmaxPET0–2 as covariates, ΔSUVmaxPET0–2 remains the unique independent predictor for PFS (p = 0.0001; RR: 7.9) and FFTF (p = 0.0001; RR: 9.1). SUVmax reduction between baseline and interim PET was more accurate than visual analysis based on the 5-point scale to predict early outcome of patients treated for HL. ΔSUVmax reduces the excess of positive results related to the PET2 visual interpretation, and appears to be the best method so far to assess early PET response in HL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Analysis of power law assumptions for short-period comets and Kuiper bodies

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 289-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Donnison ◽  
L.I. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Pareto Distribution ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Probability Plots ◽  
Exponential Probability

AbstractA Pareto distribution was used to model the magnitude data for short-period comets up to 1988. It was found using exponential probability plots that the brightness did not vary with period and that the cut-off point previously adopted can be supported statistically. Examination of the diameters of Trans-Neptunian bodies showed that a power law does not adequately fit the limited data available.

Perception of Distorted "R" Sounds in the Synthesized Speech of Chlldren and Adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Sharf ◽  
Ralph N. Ohde
Keyword(s):  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Synthesized Speech ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
High Degree

Adult and Child manifolds were generated by synthesizing 5 X 5 matrices of/Cej/ type utterances in which F2 and F3 frequencies were systematically varied. Manifold stimuli were presented to 11 graduate-level speech-language pathology students in two conditions: (a) a rating condition in which stimuli were rated on a 4-point scale between good /r/and good /w/; and (b) a labeling condition in which stimuli were labeled as "R," "W," "distorted R." or "N" (for none of the previous choices). It was found that (a) stimuli with low F2 and high F3 frequencies were rated 1.0nmdas;1.4; those with high F2 and low F3 frequencies were rated 3.6–4.0, and those with intermediate values were rated 1.5–3.5; (b) stimuli rated 1.0–1.4 were labeled as "W" and stimuli rated 3.6–4.0 were labeled as "R"; (c) none of the Child manifold stimuli were labeled as distorted "R" and one of the Adult manifold stimuli approached a level of identification that approached the percentage of identification for "R" and "W": and (d) rating and labeling tasks were performed with a high degree of reliability.

Hearing in Mice by GSR Audiometry: II. Magnitude of Unconditioned GSR as a Function of Intensity and Frequency Interactions

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Gill ◽  
Charles I. Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Spectral Content ◽  
Hearing Sensitivity ◽  
Subjective Magnitude ◽  
Orderly Fashion ◽  
Viiith Nerve

The unconditioned GSR’s elicited by tones of 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB SPL were largest in the mouse in the ranges around 10,000 Hz. The growth of response magnitude with intensity followed a power law (10 .17 to 10 .22 , depending upon frequency) and suggested that the unconditioned GSR magnitude assessed overall subjective magnitude of tones to the mouse in an orderly fashion. It is suggested that hearing sensitivity as assessed by these means may be closely related to the spectral content of the mouse’s vocalization as well as to the number of critically sensitive single units in the mouse’s VIIIth nerve.

Kriteriumsbezogene Cut-Off-Werte für Tätigkeitsspielraum und Arbeitsintensität

Diagnostica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Mustapha ◽  
Renate Rau
Keyword(s):  
Receiver Operating Characteristics ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Receiver Operating

Zusammenfassung. Cut-Off-Werte ermöglichen eine ökonomische, binäre Beurteilung von Summenscores. Für Beanspruchungsfragebögen, die personenbezogene Merkmale erfragen, sind Cut-Off-Werte häufig vorhanden und in der klinischen Diagnostik unerlässlich. Für die Bewertung von Arbeitsmerkmalen sind Cut-Off-Werte ebenfalls wünschenswert. Bislang fehlen sie jedoch für die Beurteilung von Arbeitsmerkmalen wie Arbeitsintensität und Tätigkeitsspielraum. Zwischen 2006 und 2016 wurden daher in verschiedenen Branchen 801 objektive Arbeitsplatzanalysen durchgeführt, welche eine Unterteilung in gut und schlecht gestalteten Tätigkeitsspielraum sowie gut und schlecht gestaltete Arbeitsintensität nach DIN EN ISO 6385 (2016) ermöglichen. Anhand dieser Unterteilung wurden mit der Receiver-Operating-Characteristics-Analyse Cut-Off-Werte für den subjektiv-bedingungsbezogen Fragebogen zum Erleben von Arbeitsintensität und Tätigkeitsspielraum (FIT; Richter et al., 2000 ) ermittelt. Für den Tätigkeitsspielraum weisen Summenscores ≤ 22 und für die Arbeitsintensität Summenscores ≥ 15 auf eine schlechte Gestaltung des jeweiligen Arbeitsmerkmals hin. Anhand einer weiteren Stichprobe von 1 076 Arbeitenden konnte gezeigt werden, dass Arbeitende mit schlecht gestaltetem Tätigkeitspielraum vital erschöpfter sowie weniger engagiert sind und Arbeitende mit schlecht gestalteter Arbeitsintensität eine höhere Erholungsunfähigkeit sowie vitale Erschöpfung aufweisen.

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