scholarly journals Mitochondrial dysfunction and liver disease: role, relevance, and potential for therapeutic modulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628482110313
Author(s):  
Paul Middleton ◽  
Nikhil Vergis
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Mitochondrial Defects ◽  
Related Liver Disease ◽  
Species Production ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Mitochondria are key organelles involved in energy production as well as numerous metabolic processes. There is a growing interest in the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of common chronic diseases as well as in cancer development. This review will examine the role mitochondria play in the pathophysiology of common liver diseases, including alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is described widely in the literature in studies examining patient tissue and in disease models. Despite significant differences in pathophysiology between chronic liver diseases, common mitochondrial defects are described, including increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. We review the current literature on mitochondrial-targeted therapies, which have the potential to open new therapeutic avenues in the management of patients with chronic liver disease.

scholarly journals Role of xenobiotics in the induction and progression of fatty liver disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Klaunig ◽  
Xilin Li ◽  
Zemin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Liver Pathology ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a major cause of chronic liver pathology in humans.

Correlation between adiponectin level and the degree of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Mohammed Youssef ◽  
Manal Sabry Mohamed ◽  
Ahmed El-Metwally Ahmed ◽  
Esraa Ebrahim Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Adiponectin Level ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases particularly in Egypt. It is defined as accumulation of lipids inside the hepatocytes, in absence of other etiologies of hepatic damage. It is frequently associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Objective To find out the correlation between the degree of liver fibrosis in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease patients and their serum Adiponectin level as a future non-invasive method for assessment of liver fibrosis to substitute liver biopsy to avoid its hazardous complication. Also to study the correlation between diabetes mellitus as well as obesity and serum Adiponetctin level. Patients and Methods 50 patients were selected to participate in our study based on our inclusion criteria. They were recruited from the Internal Medicine department, Gastro-intestinal clinic in AlDemerdash Hospital using a convenient sampling method. Diagnoses of NAFLD (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) was confirmed by laboratory markers (AST, ALT, Lipid profile), ultrasound as well as fibroscan examination. Results Analyzing adiponectin levels showed that -besides its significant correlation with BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia- it was significantly lower in high grade fibrosis group compared to low grade fibrosis group with P-value of (0.000) and a cutoff value for stage 3/4 fibrosis of about 2.31μg/ml which marked a promising hope of adeponictin being of protective value against liver fibrosis. However, more studies performed on populations of different sizes and characteristics are recommended to allow more accurate generalization of the results and hopefully exploring a new horizon for the follow up and treatment of patients with chronic liver disease especially NAFLD. Conclusion Adiponectin is an abundant adipocyte-derived protein with well-established antiatherogenic, insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. The liver is a major target organ for adiponectin especially in fatty liver diseases and this adipocytokine has the ability to control many liver functions including metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. Both serum levels and hepatic adiponectin receptor expression are decreased in NAFLD. Therefore, either adiponectin itself or adiponectin-inducing agents might be of key therapeutic interest in the near future in the treatment of NAFLD.

scholarly journals Burden of Liver Diseases: A Review from Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-191
Author(s):  
Amir Anushiravani ◽  
Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

There has been an increase in the burden of liver diseases in Iran, with an increasing trend from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Almost 5400 deaths were due to chronic liver diseases in 2017. We aim to provide a concise update on the epidemiological trends of liver diseases in Iran. Estimations of deaths, disability-adjusted life years, prevalence of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis in Iran with its common etiologies have been reported. We investigated the major causes of chronic liver diseases in Iran, we have reported our hepatology research centers, and also we have depicted the future of liver diseases in Iran. In 2017, there was a rising trend in chronic liver diseases in Iran. The most common etiologies for chronic liver disease were chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with highest mortalities due to liver cancer and hepatitis C. The prevalence of HBV infection has decreased from 2.9% to 1.3% with effective vaccination, but new cases are still seen due to perinatal transmission. Treatment of HCV has dramatically changed with new drugs which are being produced by local pharmaceuticals at a low cost. The main obstacle in its elimination is finding patients and linkage to care. More than a third of our population have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in which central obesity had a stronger association than weight itself. Iran has a high burden of liver diseases. The Ministry of Health has effectively controlled hepatitis B and is working towards the World Health WHO’s goals for hepatitis C by 2030. This being said, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming a major threat to our nation’s health and quality of life.

scholarly journals Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies

Biomedicines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Annalisa Cespiati ◽  
Marica Meroni ◽  
Rosa Lombardi ◽  
Giovanna Oberti ◽  
Paola Dongiovanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Related Liver Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle strength, mass and function and it is a predictor of mortality. Sarcopenia is not only a geriatric disease, but it is related to several chronic conditions, including liver diseases in both its early and advanced stages. Despite the increasing number of studies exploring the role of sarcopenia in the early stages of chronic liver disease (CLD), its prevalence and the relationship between these two clinical entities are still controversial. Myosteatosis is characterized by fat accumulation in the muscles and it is related to advanced liver disease, although its role in the early stages is still under researched. Therefore, in this narrative review, we firstly aimed to evaluate the prevalence and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and myosteatosis in the early stage of CLD across different aetiologies (mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease and viral hepatitis). Secondly, due to the increasing prevalence of sarcopenia worldwide, we aimed to revise the current and the future therapeutic approaches for the management of sarcopenia in CLD.

Bacterial and eukaryotic extracellular vesicles and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new players in the gut-liver axis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Villard ◽  
Jérôme Boursier ◽  
Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Liver Inflammation ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The liver and intestine communicate in a bi-directional way through the biliary tract, portal vein, and other components of the gut-liver axis. The gut microbiota is one of the major contributors to the production of several proteins and bile acids. Imbalance in the gut bacterial community, called dysbiosis, participates in the development and progression of several chronic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is currently considered the main chronic liver disease worldwide. Dysbiosis contributes to NAFLD development and progression, notably by a greater translocation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the blood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a PAMP that activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), induces liver inflammation, and participates in the development of fibrogenesis. LPS can be transported by bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are spherical structures produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells that transfer information to distant cells and may represent new players in NAFLD development and progression. The present review summarizes the role of eukaryotic EVs, either circulating or tissue-derived, in NAFLD features, such as liver inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Circulating EV levels are dynamic and correlate with disease stage and severity. However, scarce information is available concerning the involvement of bacterial EVs in liver disease. The present review highlights a potential role of bacterial EVs in insulin resistance and liver inflammation, although the mechanism involved has not been elucidated. Additionally, because of their distinct signatures, eukaryotic and prokaryotic EVs may also represent a promising NAFLD diagnostic tool as a "liquid biopsy" in the future.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota in Liver Disease: What Do We Know and What Do We Not Know?

Physiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Jiang ◽  
Bernd Schnabl
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Microbial Products ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The gut and the liver have a bidirectional communication via the biliary system and the portal vein. The intestinal microbiota and microbial products play an important role for modulating liver diseases such as alcohol-associated liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis, and cholestatic liver diseases. Here, we review the role of the gut microbiota and its products for the pathogenesis and therapy of chronic liver diseases.

scholarly journals Inflammation and Fibrogenesis in MAFLD: Role of the Hepatic Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Torre ◽  
Benedetta Maria Motta ◽  
Roberta Sciorio ◽  
Mario Masarone ◽  
Marcello Persico
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the definition recently proposed to better circumscribe the spectrum of conditions long known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that range from simple steatosis without inflammation to more advanced liver diseases. The progression of MAFLD, as well as other chronic liver diseases, toward cirrhosis, is driven by hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. The latter, result of a “chronic wound healing reaction,” is a dynamic process, and the understanding of its underlying pathophysiological events has increased in recent years. Fibrosis progresses in a microenvironment where it takes part an interplay between fibrogenic cells and many other elements, including some cells of the immune system with an underexplored or still unclear role in liver diseases. Some therapeutic approaches, also acting on the immune system, have been probed over time to evaluate their ability to improve inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD, but to date no drug has been approved to treat this condition. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of the liver immune system in the progression of NAFLD, and on therapies under study that aim to counter the immune substrate of the disease.

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