scholarly journals The Mechanics of Regime Instability in Latin America

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Przeworski
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Past Experiences

The paper is narrowly addressed to a single puzzle: How did it happen that countries that attempted to install democracy earlier enjoyed it less frequently? Regime dynamics are driven by two mechanisms: (1) Democracies become more durable as per capita income increases, and (2) Past experiences with democracy destabilize both democracies and autocracies. As a result, countries that experiment with democracy at lower income levels experience more regime instability. Moreover, until they reach some income threshold, at any time such countries are less likely to be democratic than countries that first enter democracy when they have higher incomes. Hence, paradoxically, the resistance of European monarchies against democracy resulted in democracies that were more stable than those following post-independence attempts in Latin America.

Public Finance and Development in Colombia

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-33
Author(s):  
Milton C. Taylor ◽  
Raymond L. Richman
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Latin America ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Land Area ◽  
High Culture ◽  
Per Capita

Colombia is a country of paradoxes. Because of the high culture of its ruling classes, Bogotá is called the “Athens of Latin America,” yet over one-third of the population is illiterate. The country is unusually well-endowed with natural resources, has a relatively large land area and a population of 15.6 million, but the per capita income is only the eighth highest in Latin America. Colombia is relatively underpopulated, with the same population as the Netherlands and 35 times its area, but there are millions of landless campesinos. Living in Bogotá, and walking the paths of the wealthy, it is difficult for a foreigner (and also for many Bogotanians) to believe that most Colombians are desperately poor. This is because Bogotá and the other main cities are like islands in a sea of poverty.

scholarly journals Analysing the Effects of Cultural Differences to International Trade in Manufactured Goods: A Literature Survey

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuğçe Uğur ◽  
Mehmet Sedat Uğur
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Manufactured Goods

Linder Theory which is a considerable theory about international manufactured goods trade suggests that international trade in manufactured goods will be more intense between countries with similar per capita income levels than between countries with dissimilar per capita income levels. But in practice, cultural differences between countries may also restrain the density of trade. This literature survey will aim to explain the relationship between income level and culture which may be different for one to another group. G. Hofstede who is an influential cultural anthropologist suggests five different cultural dimension to explain cultural differences between countries. Later, Hofstede calculates the values of different countries in these dimensions. So, in this study, initially, international trade in manufactured goods between similar per capital income levels will be examined. This will be done by comparing per capital income levels of selected countries. OECD data in trade and TÜİK's data (for Turkey) will be used in comparison. Later Hofstede's data will be used. In conclusion, the survey will try to explain how large are the effects of cultural differences between countries with similar income levels in international trade in manufactured goods. Previous studies generally find statistically significant results, but the main framework of these studies suggests controversial results. The study has aimed to commit a literature survey and in this study, comparisons of trade flow between countries are also controversial.

scholarly journals Intra-industry trade in the Visegrad countries: Does the linder hypothesis hold?

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Grančay ◽  
Nóra Grančay ◽  
Jolita Vveinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Intraindustry Trade ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Linder Hypothesis ◽  
Visegrád Countries

In 1961, Staffan Linder attacked mainstream trade economics by diverging from the generally accepted factor endowments theory and focusing on alternative explanations of why countries trade with each other. He was among the first economists to recognise the growing importance of intraindustry trade and presented his hypothesis that the more similar the per capita income levels of countries, the more they tend to trade with each other. This observation has since become one of the main pillars of modern trade theory. The present paper assesses the empirical validity of the Linder hypothesis in the Visegrad countries. Using a variant of the gravity model, it finds that when controlling for other factors, the Visegrad countries tend to trade more with countries with similar per capita income levels than with significantly richer or poorer countries. This observation is consistent with the Linder hypothesis. OLS regressions, Tobit regressions, and robustness checks all support the hypothesis.

Club convergence in Latin America

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Martin ◽  
Guillermo Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Convergence Test ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transition Modeling ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThis paper assesses the convergence in per capita income of a group of 18 Latin American countries over the period 1950–2008. We employ a novel regression based convergence test proposed by (Phillips, P. C. B., and D. Sul. 2007. “Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests.”

Need to Design and Apply a More Effective Anti-Inflationary Plan in Latin America

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Felipe Pazos
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Urban Riots ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Per Capita

In recent years, price increases in the inflation-prone countries of Latin America have accelerated from their former customary pace of 2 low digits to 3, 4, or more digits and are inflicting much more economic, social, and political damage than the old, slower price increases ever did. The joint (and inter-related) effects of the debt crisis plus galloping inflation have stopped income growth, reduced per capita income, lowered real salaries, increased unemployment (and underemployment), impaired income distribution, increased absolute poverty, and provoked urban riots.

scholarly journals Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEINZ WELSCH
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Direct

The relationship between per capita income and a number of pollution indicators has been found to display an inverted U-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given income levels (direct effect) and by reducing per capita income (indirect effect). The total effect is ambiguous a priori. Using cross-section data for several indicators of pollution, the paper estimates the direct and the indirect effect of corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the indirect effect is dominated by the positive direct effect. Overall, our measures of pollution are monotonically increasing in corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve both their economic and environmental performance by reducing corruption.

A spatial analysis of incomes and institutional quality: evidence from US metropolitan areas

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMIE BOLOGNA ◽  
ANDREW T. YOUNG ◽  
DONALD J. LACOMBE
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth

AbstractWe use the Stansel (2013) metropolitan area economic freedom index and 25 conditioning variables to analyze the spatial relationships between institutional quality and economic outcomes across 381 U.S. metropolitan areas. Specifically, we allow for spatial dependence in both the dependent and independent variables and estimate how economic freedom impacts both per capita income growth and per capita income levels. We find that economic freedom and per capita income growth and income levels are directly and positively related. Furthermore, we find that the total (direct plus indirect) effects on all metropolitan areas are positive and larger in magnitude than the direct effects alone, indicating that freedom-enhancing reforms in one metropolitan area lead to positive-sum games with neighboring metropolitan areas.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

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