The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

Economic growth and energy consumption nexus in Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Khalid Zaman ◽  
Sadaf Taj ◽  
Rabiah Rustam ◽  
Muhammad Waseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relationship between electricity consumption per capita (ELEC) and real per capita income (Y), as the direction of causation of this relationship remains controversial in the existing literature. It also seeks to explore the relationship between energy consumption per capita (ENC) and real per capita income, over a 34‐year period (between 1975 and 2009).Design/methodology/approachThe study uses Johansen cointegration technique to determine the short‐ and long‐run relationship between the variables. The authors also utilize Granger causality test to determine the causal relationship between the selected variables.FindingsThe study provides evidence of bi‐directional causality between the electricity consumption per capita and real per capita income on one hand; and energy consumption per capita and real per capita income on the other hand as the direction of causality has significant policy implications.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not include all dimensions of the energy growth, but is limited to the three variables which the authors consider to be critical to economic development, including energy consumption, electricity consumption and economic growth.Originality/valueThe study uses a sophisticated econometric technique with additional tests of forecasting framework to examine the effect of energy demand on economic growth over a period of the next ten years, i.e. 2010‐2019, in the context of Pakistan. The impulse response describes the reaction of the system as a function of independent variable that parameterizes the dynamic behavior of the system.

scholarly journals POTRET IPM DI PROPINSI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2000-2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prayudi Setiawan Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Population Control ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to find the relationship between compliance with HDI in East Java. With case study on Surabaya, Sidoarjo and Gresik. Where is expected to recover low HDI East Java in Java Island that year. The method to be used in this research is descriptive Quantitative research method. The first result, success in controlling the population both from the side of birth control and in-migration, will enable the achievement of a relatively low population density. As the population density diminishes, the education budget and health budget issued by the government will have a more significant impact on improving education and public health. This will ultimately increase HDI, as education and health levels are a dimension in HDI measurement. Second, population control will increase per capita income. Per capita income (GRDP per capita) of GRDP is divided by the total population. With fewer populations, GDP per capita will tend to be higher. High per capita income will increase HDI growth.

scholarly journals Eliminating Dependence on Foreign Aid— Some Policy Implications

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Capital Inflow ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

The domestic resources of the developing countries are usually too limited even to permit a steady maintenance of their per capita income. In their attempt to improve the level of their per capita income, such countries resort to the strategy of increasing their growth rate by relying on foreign resources. In an economy, where population is growing at the rate of 3 percent per annum, and saving capacity is less than 10 percent of the G.N.P., the chances of increasing the per capita income are very low. Capital inflow allows an economy to grow at a higher rate. It is expected that an increasing proportion of increased income will be saved so that the economy would be self-reliant after some years. How¬ever, most of the aid to the developing countries is in the form of loans, often on very unfavourable terms, with the result that the debt servicing problem becomes quite serious. The huge burden of debt servicing makes it rather difficult for the developing countries to attain self-reliance. Since a continuous aid inflow means a surrender of national sovereignty to some extent, almost all the developing countries want to eliminate their dependence on aid as soon as possible. To achieve this objective, many developing countries set a time period after which the capital inflow would hopefully be zero. If a time limit is to be set, then we must know the policies that a government will have to follow in order to eliminate aid flows. In particular, we need to know the maximum allowance for consumption out of the increase in national income. Similarly, if there is a limit to the marginal propensity to save, we must determine the period over which a country can realistically hope to do away with the aid.

scholarly journals Clusters in the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the G20 Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Meng
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Club Convergence ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This study tests the validity of the club convergence clustering hypothesis in the G20 countries using four measures of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: total number of confirmed cases per million people, new cases per million people, total deaths per million people, and new deaths per million people. The empirical analysis is based on the daily data from March 1, 2020, to October 10, 2020. The results indicate three clusters for the per capita income, two clusters for total cases per million people, and new cases per million people. Besides, there are only one and two clusters for total deaths per million people and new deaths per million people. Potential policy implications are also discussed in detail.

Measurement of Structural Change in the Pakistan Economy: A Review of the National Income Estimates 1949/50 to 1963/64

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-208
Author(s):  
Taufiq M. Khan ◽  
Asbjorn Bergan
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
National Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
British India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Net National Product ◽  
The Masses

A number of national income estimates are available for pre-Partition India. Many of these estimates, especially those pertaining to the last quarter of the 19th and the early 20th centuries, had their origin in political controversy. The estimators were mainly concerned with proving or refuting the idea that the per capita income was very low and that the government had failed to improve the economic conditions of the masses[6]. The earlier estimates were based on scanty data but as time passed, the basic statistics as well as the methods of income estima¬tion improved. The studies of national income of British India, undertaken by Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, were exhaustive and comprehensive and still serve as a useful reference for all those who are interested in the history of national income estimation in India [14]. Because of the general lack of economic data in India, Dr. Rao conducted a number of ad hoc enquiries in different parts of India to fill in the existing gaps in data. The various estimates of per capita income in India before Partition are shown in Appendix Table A-I. These estimates are at current prices. Because of differences in concepts and methodology, these estimates are not entirely comparable and are to be regarded as rough approximations of per capita net national product at factor cost.

Levels, Pattern and Distribution of Income of Farmers in Rural Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The present study examined the levels, pattern and distribution of income of farmers in rural Punjab. For this purpose, the primary data was collected from 510 farm households randomly from the selected villages from all the development blocks of the high, medium and low productivity regions during the period of 2015-16. The results of the study revealed that average household and per capita income increased with an increase in the farm size. The average household income of the large farm-size category was 9.94 and 6.31 times of the marginal and small farm-size categories, respectively. Farm business income was the largest source of income for all the farm-size categories followed by milk and milk products. The marginal and small farm-size categories have to work as labourers in agricultural and non-agricultural sector due to inadequate income from small landholdings, whereas the semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories supplemented their income by hiring out agricultural machinery. The marginal and small farm-size categories earned 6.05 and 4.28 times less per capita income than the large farm-size category. The study showed the highly skewed distribution of per household and per capita income among farmers in the rural areas of Punjab.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Ukuran Pemerintah, Pendapatan Per Kapita Dan Leverage Terhadap Keteraksesan Internet Financial Report Oleh Pemerintah Daerah

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2020-2034
Author(s):  
Anugerah Akbar Anthony Putra ◽  
Efrizal Syofyan
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
The West ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Financial Report ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

This study aims to analyze 1) How does the size of the government affect the accessibility of internet financial report by the Regency / City Regional Government in West Sumatra Province, 2) How does the income per capita affect the accessibility of internet financial report by the Regency / City Regional Government in the West Sumatra Province, 3) How does leverage affect the accessibility of internet financial report by Regency/City Governments in West Sumatra Province, 4) Does the size of the government, per capita income and leverage jointly affect the accessibility of internet financial report by Regency/City Governments in West Sumatra Province . The results of the study found variables of government size, per capita income and unaffected leverage on the accessibility of internet financial report by the Regency / City Regional Government in West Sumatra Province

scholarly journals Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk Alternative Development of Sustainable Islamic Economic Development Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-148
Author(s):  
Wina Paul ◽  
Rachmad Faudji ◽  
Hasan Bisri
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Islamic Economic

Economic development itself is defined as a continuous process that has the aim of increasing a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and per capita income of a country's population in the long term which has an impact on various aspects, both economic, social, and science and technology. The purpose of economic development in Indonesia is not only to increase per capita income but also to accelerate economic growth. Technological advances as a result of this development will also improve the quality of human resources, improve community welfare, reduce inequality, and reduce unemployment. The government continues to face various forms of economic development problems in Indonesia, including high unemployment, rampant poverty, high population, inflation resulting in low purchasing power, low productivity resulting in low per capita income, and export commodities dominated by the primary sector. Today, the development of Islamic economics, both in academia and practice, is very important to pay attention to. This is also related to how to develop thoughts and applications of the Islamic economic system in Indonesia. Various perspectives in the field of Islamic economics associated with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) themselves were created to answer the demands of world leadership in overcoming poverty, inequality and climate change in the form of real action. Establish a set of targets that can be applied universally and can be measured in balancing the three dimensions of sustainable development such as environmental, social and economic. Islamic economic objectives in several points of view are philosophical goals consisting of Al-Falah (holistic prosperity) and Maqasid al-Shariah and operational objectives consisting of increasing faith, creating maslahah, preventing concentration of wealth, and avoiding dangerous activities and even distribution. On the basis of this Islamic economic objective, the response was the issuance of a Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk as a product of the government through the Ministry of Finance to serve as an alternative to increasing Islamic-based economic development. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative method with literature review. Through this article, we will try to discuss how this cash waqf linked sukuk can be used as an alternative for sustainable Islamic economic development. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEUR ORIENTATION AND GOVERNMENT ROLE TOWARD BATIK SMES PERFORMANCE IN THE PACITAN

2018 ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Sudjatno Sudjatno ◽  
Rini Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Government Role ◽  
Job Vacancy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

<p>This research has aim to determine the effect of entrepreneur orientation on performance of existing businesses in SMEs Batik Pacitan District and the government role as mediating variable. Questionnaire was used to collect data and this research called explanatory quantitative research. The sample is the amount of 40 respondents in the Pacitan that is work in the Batik SMEs. To analyse the data used Warp PLS. This research gives correlation evidence between entrepreneur orientation  and business performance. The R square score in the amount of 0.64, that means regression model able to explain 64% the effect of government role to the entrepreneur orientation toward business performance and the 36% for the rest will be explained by other varible that exclude this research. Based on that result, the goverment should pay attention to the entrepreneur and give contribution to them for expand SMEs because it will give feedback to the government for example increase per capita income, opening job vacancy, and reduce unemployment.  </p>

scholarly journals Micro Financing and Economic Development: A Sectorial Microcredit Study from Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAAGHA, Alexander Sulaiman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Per Capita

This study examined the effect of sectorial microcredit allocation on Nigeria economic development. Time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 1992-2019. Nigeria per capita income was proxied for dependent variables while microcredit to agricultural sector, mining and querying, manufacturing sector, real estate and construction and transport and communication were proxies for independent variables. The study employed descriptive statistics and multiple regression models to estimate the relationship that exists between sectorial microcredit allocation and economic development. Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Johansen Co-integration test, normalized co-integrating equations, parsimonious vector error correction model and pair-wise causality tests were used to conduct the investigations and analysis. The study found that 59 percent variation on Nigeria per capita income can be traced to variation on microcredit allocation to the various sectors of the economy. microcredit to transport and communication have positive and no significant effect, microcredit to real estate and construction have negative but no significant effect, microcredit to manufacturing sector have negative and significant, microcredit to mining and querying have positive and significant effect while microcredit to agricultural sector have positive and significant effect on Nigeria per capita income. From the findings, the researcher concludes that microcredit allocation have significant effect on Nigeria economic development. It recommends that for re-introduction of the abolished compulsory sectorial lending operation and sectorial reforms to attract microcredit. Microfinance banks should be encouraged to increase their branches so as to reach out and provide loans to more clients in order to achieve greater investment purposes. Government should further encourage the activities of micro finance banks by creating enabling environment so that they can further support the growth of business enterprises in Nigeria.

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