scholarly journals Clinical Spectrum of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Yu ◽  
Emily Ferenczi ◽  
Kareem Moussa ◽  
Dean Eliott ◽  
Marcelo Matiello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ocular Involvement ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common arbovirus infection in the United States. The diagnosis requires consideration of not only a broad spectrum of presenting symptoms, ranging from a mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis, but also public health risk factors and seasonality. There is no approved targeted therapy for WNV, so treatment relies on supportive care, management of neurologic sequelae and airway, treatment of other systems including the eye, and aggressive rehabilitation. Here, we describe a series of 3 cases of WNV encountered in September 2018 at one institution. First, we describe a case of WNV encephalitis with worsened dyskinesias and a relatively good recovery. Second, we describe a severe WNV encephalitis with overlying motor neuron involvement with a poor outcome. Finally, we describe a case of a WNV meningitis with significant bilateral chorioretinitis, an underappreciated complication of WNV infections. Through these cases, we review the epidemiology of WNV, risk factors for infection, the neurologic sequalae and long-term outcomes, and the importance of recognizing ocular involvement to prevent ophthalmologic complications.

449: Age and Gender as Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in Children in the United States, 1999–2004

2005 ◽  
Vol 161 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S113-S113
Author(s):  
L B Davis ◽  
E Hayes ◽  
D O’Leary ◽  
T Smith ◽  
A Marfin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Infection in the Central Nervous System

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro R. Winkelmann ◽  
Huanle Luo ◽  
Tian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
The Central Nervous System

West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic single-stranded flavivirus has been the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide.  Up to 50% of WNV convalescent patients in the United States were reported to have long-term neurological sequelae.  Neither antiviral drugs nor vaccines are available for humans.  Animal models have been used to investigate WNV pathogenesis and host immune response in humans.  In this review, we will discuss recent findings from studies in animal models of WNV infection, and provide new insights on WNV pathogenesis and WNV-induced host immunity in the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Long-term surveillance defines spatial and temporal patterns implicating Culex tarsalis as the primary vector of West Nile virus in Iowa, USA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan M. Dunphy ◽  
Kristofer B. Kovach ◽  
Ella J. Gehrke ◽  
Eleanor N. Field ◽  
Wayne A. Rowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
West Nile

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) has become the most epidemiologically important mosquito-borne disease in the United States, causing ∼50,000 cases since its introduction in 1999. Transmitted primarily by Culex species, WNV transmission requires the complex interplay between bird reservoirs and mosquito vectors, with human cases the result of epizootic spillover. To better understand the intrinsic factors that drive these interactions, we have compiled infection data from sentinel chickens, mosquito vectors, and human cases in Iowa over a 15 year period (2002-2016) to better understand the spatial and temporal components that drive WNV transmission. Supplementing these findings with mosquito abundance, distribution, and host preferences data, we provide strong support that Culex tarsalis is the most important vector of human WNV infections in the region. Finally, we identify underlying climatic factors (temperature and drought) that are associated with inter-annual trends in WNV intensity. Together, our analysis provides new insights into WNV infection patterns in multiple hosts and highlights the importance of long-term surveillance to understand the dynamics of mosquito-borne-disease transmission.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease, California, 2005

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1918-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Jean ◽  
Somayeh Honarmand ◽  
Janice K. Louie ◽  
Carol A. Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Incidence in the United States, 2002–2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole P. Lindsey ◽  
Stephanie Kuhn ◽  
Grant L. Campbell ◽  
Edward B. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

scholarly journals Retrospective Descriptive Analysis of West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND) in Northwest Louisiana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Mada ◽  
Philip Sneed ◽  
Gabriel Castano ◽  
Maureen Moore ◽  
Andrew Stevenson Joel Chandranesan
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

Context. West Nile virus (WNV) has become endemic in many states in the United States in recent years. One in 150 individuals with West Nile virus infection develops the West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) and can cause permanent and sometimes fatal neurological damage. Aims. The aim of the study was to describe the presentation characteristics and epidemiology of WNND in Louisiana to improve future recognition of cases and decrease inappropriate antibiotic use. Settings and Design. It was a retrospective descriptive-analytic cohort study. A total of 23 patients with WNND were identified at one tertiary care hospital center in Northwest Louisiana from a retrospective chart review from January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2017. Results. The median age was 49 years (range: 15–75) for patients with WNND. Of 23 patients diagnosed with WNND, twelve (52%) were diagnosed with encephalitis (WNE), six (26%) were diagnosed with meningitis (WNM), and five (22%) with myelitis (WNME). The common symptoms with WNND were fever in 65%, altered mental status in 61%, headache in 52%, fatigue in 43%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 43%, rigors in 30%, imbalance in 26%, rash in 9%, and seizures in 26% of patients. Most patients presented in the late summer season. The average duration of antibiotics given was six days. The average number of days from the admission to the diagnosis of WNND was nine days (3 to 16 days). Twenty-one (91%) patients survived the infection. Conclusions. Identifying WNV infection early in its clinical course would help in decreasing inappropriate antibiotic use when patients presented with fever and meningeal symptoms. Performing WNV serology in CSF studies is critical in making the diagnosis.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengwei Bai ◽  
E. Ashley Thompson ◽  
Parminder J. S. Vig ◽  
A. Arturo Leis
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Ocular Manifestations of West Nile Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Antoine Rousseau ◽  
Oscar Haigh ◽  
Imen Ksiaa ◽  
Moncef Khairallah ◽  
Marc Labetoulle
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Retinal Vasculitis ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Ocular Involvement ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Permanent Loss

Ocular manifestations are a feature of West Nile virus infection. They mostly occur in association with severe neuroinvasive disease. Linear chorioretinitis is suggestive of the diagnosis and may raise diagnostic suspicion when associated with evocative systemic signs, and in an epidemic context. Various other less specific inflammatory ocular manifestations have been reported, including anterior uveitis, occlusive retinal vasculitis, optic neuritis, and diplopia. The pathophysiology of ocular disease remains unclear, but it reflects the neuroinvasiveness of the disease. Although ocular involvement most often resolves without visual sequelae, some patients may have permanent loss of vision, adding to the need for the development of a specific treatment and/or vaccines.

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