scholarly journals Need for support or economic competition? Implicit associations with immigrants during the 2015 migrant crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801876813 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Johann ◽  
Kathrin Thomas
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
National Election Study ◽  
Need For Support ◽  
Single Category

How did the Austrian public think about immigrants at the peak of the 2015 migrant crisis? News media and policy makers suggested a cleavage in public opinion along the lines of humanitarian support and economic competition. We empirically disentangle these groups using a Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The data were collected by Project Implicit as a part of an online panel survey initiated by the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES). The analyses reveal that Austrian citizens predominantly associate immigrants with the need for support. However, implicit associations also seem to vary depending on citizens’ backgrounds and beliefs. The findings further indicate that implicit associations towards immigrants affect citizens’ policy preferences.

scholarly journals Implicit and Explicit Self-Identification as a Drug User in People Who Used Heroin and Methamphetamine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyong Chen ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Jifan Zhou ◽  
Xinyu Li ◽  
Feng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug User ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Collective Group ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Implicit and explicit self-identification as a drug user specific to the substance used (e.g., viewing oneself as a drinker) have been examined, as they relate to that drug use. However, studies have rarely explored whether identifying as a “drug user” differs implicitly and explicitly for people who use different drugs and how this identification relates to drug-use behaviors or abstinence. This study examined implicit and explicit self-identification as a “drug user” and their associations with drug-use behaviors and abstinence in people who used heroin (PWUH) and people who used methamphetamine (PWUM). Forty PWUH and 35 PWUM in a rehabilitation facility completed the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT), which evaluated implicit associations of a “drug user” with “self,” and a measure of explicit self-identification as a “drug user.” Prior drug-use behaviors and current abstinence duration of the participants were assessed. PWUH demonstrated stronger implicit “self + drug user” associations and higher levels of explicit self-identification as a “drug user” than PWUM. A higher frequency of drug use was associated with higher levels of explicit drug-user self-identity, and longer abstinence duration was positively related to stronger implicit “self + drug user” associations in PWUH. The drug type of heroin (vs. methamphetamine) participants used was associated with a higher frequency of use, which, in turn, predicted higher levels of explicit drug-user self-identity. Given that the PWUH group differs from the PWUM group in terms of implicit and explicit self-identification as “drug users,” it would be more appropriate to address drug-user self-identity of individuals according to the substance they use rather than as a collective group.

Upset with the refugee policy: Exploring the relations between policy malaise, media use, trust in news media, and issue fatigue

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (s1) ◽  
pp. 624-647
Author(s):  
Dorothee Arlt ◽  
Christina Schumann ◽  
Jens Wolling
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
News Media ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Public Broadcasting ◽  
German Population ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Political Alienation ◽  
Online Panel

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the concept of policy malaise, which refers to citizens’ dissatisfaction with the way political institutions and processes handle specific problems such as the refugee issue in Germany. Based on a representative online panel survey with two waves conducted in 2016 and 2017 (N = 836), we explore the occurrence of policy malaise among the German population and its relation to issue-specific media use, trust in news media, and issue fatigue. First, the results indicate that policy malaise toward the refugee issue is widespread in Germany. Second, we found that media use relates differentially to policy malaise: While high exposure to public broadcasting was negatively associated with policy malaise, we found the opposite for private broadcasting. Third, policy malaise is higher for people who experience issue fatigue and lower for people who trust the news media. Finally, trust in media reinforces the negative and positive relations between media use and policy malaise. Implications concerning the associations between policy malaise and political alienation in its broader sense are discussed.

A Downward Spiral? A Panel Study of Misinformation and Media Trust in Chile

2021 ◽  
pp. 194016122110252
Author(s):  
Sebastián Valenzuela ◽  
Daniel Halpern ◽  
Felipe Araneda
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Downward Spiral ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Trust ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
Over Time

Despite widespread concern, research on the consequences of misinformation on people's attitudes is surprisingly scant. To fill in this gap, the current study examines the long-term relationship between misinformation and trust in the news media. Based on the reinforcing spirals model, we analyzed data from a three-wave panel survey collected in Chile between 2017 and 2019. We found a weak, over-time relationship between misinformation and media skepticism. Specifically, initial beliefs on factually dubious information were negatively correlated with subsequent levels of trust in the news media. Lower trust in the media, in turn, was related over time to higher levels of misinformation. However, we found no evidence of a reverse, parallel process where media trust shielded users against misinformation, further reinforcing trust in the news media. The lack of evidence of a downward spiral suggests that the corrosive effects of misinformation on attitudes toward the news media are less serious than originally suggested. We close with a discussion of directions for future research.

Explicit and Implicit Positive Illusory Bias in Children With ADHD

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 994-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina C. Emeh ◽  
Amori Yee Mikami ◽  
Bethany A. Teachman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Positive Illusory Bias ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Behavioral Competence ◽  
Self Perceptions

Objective: Children with ADHD overestimate their own social and behavioral competence when using explicit self-report measures, a phenomenon known as Positive Illusory Bias (PIB). This study examined whether children with ADHD show PIB when self-perceptions are measured implicitly, reflecting associations that are relatively difficult to consciously control. Method: Participants were 23 children (ages 6.8-9.8) with ADHD and 55 typically developing (TD) children. Children’s explicit self-perceptions of competence were measured via self-report on the Self-Perception Profile for Children; their implicit associations were assessed using an Implicit Association Test. Parent and teacher ratings formed an adult-reported composite indicator of children’s competence, to which children’s self-perceptions were compared. Results: Children with ADHD overestimated their competence as compared with adult-informant reports on both explicit and implicit measures, whereas TD children tended to be accurate. Conclusion: Inflated self-perceptions in children with ADHD may exist on an implicit level outside of conscious awareness.

scholarly journals The CNN effect: can the news media drive foreign policy?

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIERS ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Real Time ◽  
News Media ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tiananmen Square ◽  
Time News ◽  
Tv News ◽  
The Cold War

During the 1980s the proliferation of new technologies transformed the potential of the news media to provide a constant flow of global real-time news. Tiananmen Square and the collapse of communism symbolised by the fall of the Berlin Wall became major media events communicated to Western audiences instantaneously via TV news media. By the end of the decade the question was being asked as to what extent this ‘media pervasiveness’ had impacted upon government – particularly the process of foreign policy making. The new technologies appeared to reduce the scope for calm deliberation over policy, forcing policy-makers to respond to whatever issue journalists focused on. This perception was in turn reinforced by the end of the bipolar order and what many viewed as the collapse of the old anti-communist consensus which – it was argued – had led to the creation of an ideological bond uniting policy makers and journalists. Released from the ‘prism of the Cold War’ journalists were, it was presumed, freer not just to cover the stories they wanted but to criticise US foreign policy as well. The phrase ‘CNN effect’ encapsulated the idea that real-time communications technology could provoke major responses from domestic audiences and political elites to global events.

scholarly journals Overcoming COVID-19 vaccination resistance when alternative policies affect the dynamics of conformism, social norms, and crowding out

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (25) ◽  
pp. e2104912118
Author(s):  
Katrin Schmelz ◽  
Samuel Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Broad Policy

What is an effective vaccination policy to end the COVID-19 pandemic? We address this question in a model of the dynamics of policy effectiveness drawing upon the results of a large panel survey implemented in Germany during the first and second waves of the pandemic. We observe increased opposition to vaccinations were they to be legally required. In contrast, for voluntary vaccinations, there was higher and undiminished support. We find that public distrust undermines vaccine acceptance, and is associated with a belief that the vaccine is ineffective and, if enforced, compromises individual freedom. We model how the willingness to be vaccinated may vary over time in response to the fraction of the population already vaccinated and whether vaccination has occurred voluntarily or not. A negative effect of enforcement on vaccine acceptance (of the magnitude observed in our panel or even considerably smaller) could result in a large increase in the numbers that would have to be vaccinated unwillingly in order to reach a herd-immunity target. Costly errors may be avoided if policy makers understand that citizens’ preferences are not fixed but will be affected both by the crowding-out effect of enforcement and by conformism. Our findings have broad policy applicability beyond COVID-19 to cases in which voluntary citizen compliance is essential because state capacities are limited and because effectiveness may depend on the ways that the policies themselves alter citizens’ beliefs and preferences.

scholarly journals Empty talk? University voices on the Global Financial Crisis

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Bridgman
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
News Media ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Complex Events ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Company Sector

The global financial crisis (GFC) which began in 2007 with a liquidity squeeze in the US banking system and which continues to play out today has affected us all, whether through the collapse of the finance company sector, rising unemployment, falling housing prices or the recession which followed the initial market crash. The speed and scope of the crisis surprised most experts – policy makers included. Specialists from a myriad of disciplines, from economics and finance to risk management, corporate governance and property, are trying to make sense of what happened, why it happened and what it means for us now and into the future. Members of the public rely on the news media to keep them informed of the crisis as it unfolds and they rely on experts to translate these complex events into a language which they can understand. The GFC is educating us all, and it is important that we all learn from it to avoid making the same mistakes again. 

scholarly journals Older People’s Nonphysical Contacts and Depression During the COVID-19 Lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Arpino ◽  
Marta Pasqualini ◽  
Valeria Bordone ◽  
Aïda Solé-Auró
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Social Closeness ◽  
Depressive Feelings ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Design And Methods

Abstract Background and Objectives With the goal of slowing down the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, restrictions to physical contacts have been taken in many countries. We examine to what extent intergenerational and other types of nonphysical contacts have reduced the risk of increased perceived depressive feelings during the lockdown for people aged 50+. Research Design and Methods We implemented an online panel survey based on quota sampling in France, Italy, and Spain in April 2020, about 1 month after the start of the lockdown. Our analyses are based on logistic regression models and use post-stratification weights. Results About 50% of individuals aged 50+ felt sad or depressed more often than usual during the lockdown in the 3 considered countries. Older people who increased or maintained unchanged nonphysical contacts with noncoresident individuals during the lockdown were at a lower risk of increased perceived depressive feelings compared to those who experienced a reduction in nonphysical contacts. The beneficial effect of nonphysical contacts was stronger for intergenerational relationships. The effects were similar by gender and stronger among individuals aged 70+, living in Spain and not living alone before the start of the lockdown. Discussion and Implications In the next phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, or during any future similar pandemic, policy makers may implement measures that balance the need to reduce the spread of the virus with the necessity of allowing for limited physical contacts. Social contacts at a distance may be encouraged as a means to keep social closeness, while being physically distant.

Stereotypes, Bias, and Personnel Decisions: Strange and Stranger

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Landy
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Personnel Decisions ◽  
Study Designs

Research on stereotyping as related to workplace evaluations and decisions has been going on for more than 30 years. Recently, implicit association theory has emerged as a less conscious manifestation of stereotyping mechanisms. In this article, I review the relevance of research on both stereotyping and one of the more popular tests of implicit associations, the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Claims have been made that both stereotyping research and, more recently, IAT research provide theoretical and empirical support for the argument that protected demographic groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women) are the victims of biased personnel decisions and evaluations. My review of the literature suggests that both stereotyping and IAT research study designs are sufficiently far removed from real work settings as to render them largely useless for drawing inferences about most, but not all, forms of employment discrimination.

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