Farm to Factory Gendered Employment: The Case of Blue Skies Outgrower Scheme in Ghana

Despite increasing numbers of women in senior sport management positions over the past 30 years, men still remain dominant in these roles, indicating a level of gender inequity within sport management. It is often assumed within sport organizations that women are well-matched for lower level management roles, whereas men are more suited to senior management roles. In order to understand perceptions held about women's and men's abilities related to sport management, it is necessary to understand and then analyze discourses, or dominant forms of knowledge, that influence various employment roles in sport organizations. After analyzing organizational documents and transcripts from interviews with 35 employees from three national sport organizations in England, it was found that senior management roles were heavily dominated by discourses of masculinity that are linked to men and are highly valued in sport organizations. In contrast, women and discourses of femininity are associated with employment roles that are undervalued within organizations. There is, however, the potential for resistance to these discourses on a number of levels and this is discussed with relation to one organization's commitment to change “taken for granted” assumptions about gendered employment roles in sport management.

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FOUR. The Evolution of a Gendered Employment System

Women and the Economic Miracle ◽

10.1525/9780520915473-008 ◽

1993 ◽

pp. 109-140

Keyword(s):

Employment System ◽

Gendered Employment

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Crossing Social Boundaries in an Immigration Context: Exogamy and Gendered Employment Patterns in Unions in Germany

Gender Issues ◽

10.1007/s12147-021-09281-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mirko K. Braack ◽

Nadja Milewski ◽

Heike Trappe

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Role Reversal ◽

Social Boundaries ◽

Boundary Crossing ◽

Migrant Women ◽

Employment Patterns ◽

Majority Population ◽

Gendered Employment

AbstractWe study gendered employment patterns in unions by focusing on the role of exogamy for non-migrants in Germany. Classical assimilation theory has studied such mixed migrant-non-migrant unions mainly with a focus on the members of ethnic minorities. However, this perspective neglects the question of the social consequences of exogamy for the members of the majority group. We aim to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the association of being in a mixed union and the employment patterns of the couple. Our theoretical considerations and working hypotheses are derived from modernization theories, welfare state and labor market theories, gender studies, and social boundary-crossing frameworks. Drawing on the scientific use file of the German Microcensus of 2013, our sample consists of 44,499 non-migrant men (about 7% of whom are in a mixed union with a migrant) and 43,722 non-migrant women (about 5% of whom are in a mixed union). We estimate multinomial logistic regression models. We conclude that the persistent disadvantage for immigrants on the labor market in Germany shapes the gendered employment patterns of their unions, which, in turn, affect the members of the majority population. For non-migrant men, exogamy is associated with a re-traditionalization of employment patterns, whereby a man is more likely to be the main earner if he is in an exogamous union than if he is in an endogamous union. For non-migrant women, by contrast, we find evidence of a role reversal in exogamous unions, whereby the woman is more likely to be the main earner.

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The impact of occupational structures on ethnic and gendered employment gaps: An event history analysis using social security register data

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0250398

Author(s):

Stefan Vogtenhuber ◽

Nadia Steiber ◽

Monika Mühlböck ◽

Bernhard Kittel

Keyword(s):

Event History Analysis ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Ethnic Segregation ◽

Educational Backgrounds ◽

Employment Gaps ◽

Occupational Characteristics ◽

History Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Urban Labour Market ◽

Gendered Employment

Ethnic and gendered employment gaps are mainly explained by individual characteristics, while less attention is paid to occupational structures. Drawing on administrative data, this article analyses the impact of occupational characteristics on top of individual attributes in the urban labour market of Vienna. Both set of variables can explain observed employment gaps to a large extent, but persistent gaps remain, in particular among females. The article’s main finding is that the occupational structure appears to have gendered effects. While men tend to benefit from ethnic segregation, women face difficulties when looking for jobs with high shares of immigrant workers. Looking for jobs in occupations that recruit from relatively few educational backgrounds (credentials) is beneficial for both sexes at the outset unemployment, but among females this competitive advantage diminishes over time. The article concludes by discussing potential strategies to avoid the traps of occupational segregation.

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Transition Inequity: gendered employment trends in New Zealand’s energy industries

Policy Quarterly ◽

10.26686/pq.v17i3.7130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Julie MacArthur ◽

Cathrine Dyer

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Climate Policy ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Aotearoa New Zealand ◽

Sustained Change ◽

Employment Trends ◽

Policy Attention ◽

Policy Targets ◽

Gendered Employment

Energy industries are experiencing a period of rapid and sustained change as nations seek to meet climate policy targets. In Aotearoa New Zealand a gap in both information about and attention to the gendered dimensions of the proposed low-emissions transition has emerged. This silence has implications for the distributive impacts of any transition. We present data illustrating the sub-sector variation in women’s employment, pay, tenure and executive representation in both the electricity and fossil fuel industries. Recommendations are presented for more sustained policy attention to how an energy transition, given current gendered employment trends, is unlikely to be inclusive or just.

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