scholarly journals Crossing Social Boundaries in an Immigration Context: Exogamy and Gendered Employment Patterns in Unions in Germany

Gender Issues ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko K. Braack ◽  
Nadja Milewski ◽  
Heike Trappe
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Role Reversal ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Boundary Crossing ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
Gendered Employment

AbstractWe study gendered employment patterns in unions by focusing on the role of exogamy for non-migrants in Germany. Classical assimilation theory has studied such mixed migrant-non-migrant unions mainly with a focus on the members of ethnic minorities. However, this perspective neglects the question of the social consequences of exogamy for the members of the majority group. We aim to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the association of being in a mixed union and the employment patterns of the couple. Our theoretical considerations and working hypotheses are derived from modernization theories, welfare state and labor market theories, gender studies, and social boundary-crossing frameworks. Drawing on the scientific use file of the German Microcensus of 2013, our sample consists of 44,499 non-migrant men (about 7% of whom are in a mixed union with a migrant) and 43,722 non-migrant women (about 5% of whom are in a mixed union). We estimate multinomial logistic regression models. We conclude that the persistent disadvantage for immigrants on the labor market in Germany shapes the gendered employment patterns of their unions, which, in turn, affect the members of the majority population. For non-migrant men, exogamy is associated with a re-traditionalization of employment patterns, whereby a man is more likely to be the main earner if he is in an exogamous union than if he is in an endogamous union. For non-migrant women, by contrast, we find evidence of a role reversal in exogamous unions, whereby the woman is more likely to be the main earner.

Difficulties facing women entrepreneurs in Israel: a social stratification approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle Heilbrunn ◽  
Khaled Abu-Asbeh ◽  
Muhammed Abu Nasra
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Women Business Owners ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore the difficulties facing entrepreneurs in three groups of women in Israel: immigrant women from the Former Soviet Union (FSU), women belonging to the Palestinian Israeli minority and Jewish Israeli women belonging to the majority population. Relying on the stratification approach, the authors investigate the extent to which labor market, resource and women-specific disadvantages constrain women's entrepreneurship within these three groups. Design/methodology/approach – The target research population consisted of 477 women entrepreneurs who operated businesses between 2009 and 2010. Using systematic sampling, the authors surveyed 148 FSU immigrant women business owners, 150 Jewish Israeli women business owners and 170 Palestinian Israeli women business owners, using a comprehensive questionnaire administered in the entrepreneurs' native language. Findings – The authors found similarities and differences between the three groups as to their ability to handle difficulties deriving from labor market, resource and women-specific disadvantages. Overall, the authors found that Palestinian women entrepreneurs have relatively more difficulties than the other two groups. Research limitations/implications – Women entrepreneurs' socio-political status within stratified social realities imposes constraints on their economic activities. Further research should investigate policies, which could assist in overcoming these constraints taking into consideration similarities and differences between specific groups. Originality/value – In addition to shedding light on the impact of socio-political environmental circumstances on women entrepreneurs in a particular country, the authors believe that applying the social stratification approach is especially valuable at the intersection of minority status, gender and entrepreneurship.

Labor in Amazonia in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue A. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Labor Recruitment ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

Labor questions put their indelible stamp on colonial life, whether in Brazil, Spanish America, or the North American colonies. Methods of labor recruitment varied among these regions, however, as did the social consequences of enslavement, race mixture, and destruction or modification of native cultures.The poverty of the Amazon region, the old state of Maranhão e Grão Pará, prevented a system of black slavery such as characterized the Brazilian Northeast. Indians, whether slave, or held as free men in mission villages, dominated the labor market. The perennial lay-ecclesiastical fight for jurisdiction over the Indian has been vividly documented by historians such as Boxer, Kiemen, and Leite. This ground need not be retraced. What may be of interest is to examine the variety of sources from which labor was supplied to the plantations, cities, and fortresses of Maranhão e Grão Pará during the first half of the eighteenth century, just before the disruptions brought by Pombal's reforms.

scholarly journals Labor market institutions and demographic employment patterns

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bertola ◽  
Francine D. Blau ◽  
Lawrence M. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Employment Patterns

scholarly journals The economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the polish economy

VUZF Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Iwona Dudzik ◽  
Irena Brukwicka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Pareto Principle ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Polish Economy

The date of the end of the COVID-19 pandemic is difficult to forecast. Apart from the undoubted humanitarian and social consequences, its development and spread will also contribute to changes in the economy. This paper describes the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for the Polish economy. Depending on the way the pandemic will develop, the Organization for Cooperation and Economic Development predicts that the Gross Domestic Product in Poland will drop by -7.4%, and will rebound to 4.8% by the end of 2021. It is also assumed a broad-based recovery with GDP rebounding by 2.4% in 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the labor market in Poland. It is assumed that the Polish economy has been affected less by the effects of the pandemic than other European countries. The coronavirus pandemic contributed to significant changes in the organization of work, that is, an increase in the percentage of people doing a household work. Humankind has already learned how to overcome global crises, but their burdens have never been evenly distributed. Losses and threats bring new chances and opportunities. In line with the Pareto principle, it is stated that even if 80 percent of people suffer losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the remaining 20 percent of them will ultimately benefit from it. The aim of this article is to analyze the economic effects of the coronavirus pandemic in Poland and to present the most affected industries. In the opinion of the authors of the study, this issue should be described in greater detail.

scholarly journals Immigration and labor market integration in Germany: A long view

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Sprengholz ◽  
Claudia Diehl ◽  
Johannes Giesecke ◽  
Michaela Kreyenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Employment Rates

Objective: This paper draws on data from the Microcensus to provide a long-term overview of the labor market performance of different arrival cohorts of female and male migrants to Germany. Background: Whereas there is a large body of research on the labor market outcomes of migrants to Germany, a more descriptive long-term and gender-specific overview is missing. Method: We provide descriptive analyses for the employment rates, working hours, and occupational status levels of different arrival cohorts by gender, calendar year, and duration of stay. The data cover the time period 1976-2015.   Results: With the exception of the earliest cohort, migrant women and men have been consistently less likely to be employed than their German counterparts. While the average working hours of migrant women of earlier cohorts were longer than those of German women, the average working hours of migrant women declined considerably across subsequent cohorts. The occupational status levels of female and male migrants have increased across arrival cohorts, corresponding to increasing levels of education. Analyses by duration of stay indicate that the occupational status of arrival cohorts have tended to decline during their initial years of residence and then to stagnate thereafter, which may be due in part to selective outmigration and the naturalization of migrants with higher skill levels. Conclusion: Our results clearly show that the labor market performance of immigrants has varied greatly by arrival cohort, reflecting the conditions and policy contexts during which they entered Germany. This conclusion applies to both genders, but especially to women.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF THE LABOR MARKET INEQUALITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (44) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Е.S. Sadovaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Computer Algorithms ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Main Category ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Social

Recognizing the growth of inequality as one of the main social and economic problems of our time. The author concludes that it is natural and caused by a radical reformatting of the economy influenced by digital technologies. The article examines the organizational and technological changes in the modern economy, influenced by digitalization, in terms of their impact on labor relations and the restructuring of the modern labor market. The paper aims to study the mechanisms of the inequality formation in the labor market and the peculiarities of the social and labor sphere functions in the new economic reality. Employment, as a connecting link between economic and social processes, has been chosen as the main category of scientific analysis, which makes it possible to understand the essence of the ongoing transformations, as well as their social consequences. These transformations can be implemented using software automation of business processes. From the economic point of view, it allows you to significantly increase labor productivity, from the social point of view, it helps to reduce the demand for labor and labor costs. Automation of individual business processes turns out to be a socio-technological prerequisite for the “platformization” of employment and the emergence of crowdworking platforms that institutionalize this process. The increasingly widespread employment platform, which fundamentally changes the relationship between employers and workers, reduces social protection for the latter and leads to the segmentation of the previously egalitarian labor market. Under the influence of digitalization of business processes, labor relations are being transformed from social into computer algorithms, and the “employee” becomes a “user of mobile applications”. The article highlights the stages of business automation and examines its impact on employment and the nature of social and labor relations from the organizational, technological, political, economic and macroeconomic perspectives. In addition, the social consequences of digital transformation of business processes are analyzed in relation to the conditions of specific business activities – the manufacturing sector and the service sector. The author concludes that the digitalization of business processes affects the change in the nature of social and labor relations indirectly – through a decrease in demand for labor and structural changes in employment. Understanding the essence of this process is important for identifying the root causes of the inequality in the modern labor market, and the conclusions of the research may be useful when choosing options of state policy aimed at eliminating its most acute consequences.

scholarly journals Network explanations of the gender gap in migrants’ employment patterns: Use of online and offline networks in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Başak Bilecen ◽  
Verena Seibel
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
Female Migrants

Objective: We investigate the relation between having online and offline personal networks and employment for male and female migrants in the Netherlands. Background: Previous research diagnoses an alarming gender gap for migrants in their employment patterns. Although social networks are identified as being crucial for migrants’ labor market participation, we know very little about how migrant men and women differ in their social networks and how these differences translate into varying employment opportunities. Method: Drawing on the Dutch Immigrant Panel of LISS (Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences) dataset, we examined migrants’ employment patters who have arrived to the Netherlands under different migration streams by conducting logistic regression models. Results: We identify two major findings. While contrary to our expectations, migrant women tend to be connected with those who are employed and with a Dutch background, less connected to men and have a rather dense network structure. Nonetheless, women’s personal networks do not significantly account for their unemployment, but rather their less use of LinkedIn than migrant men. Conclusion: Our findings have implications in understanding network inequalities for female migrants in their labor market participation.

scholarly journals Outpatient mental healthcare service use among women with migrant background in Norway: a national register study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Straiton ◽  
Karina Corbett ◽  
Anna-Clara Hollander ◽  
Lars Johan Hauge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Majority Population

Abstract Background Studies show that migrant women are at greater risk of common mental disorders than the majority population, yet underrepresented in healthcare services. This study investigates the use of outpatient mental healthcare services over a five-year period among migrant and descendant women compared to majority women in Norway. Methods Using linked national registry data, we selected all women resident in Norway between 2009 and 2013 (N = 1,834,822). We conducted generalised estimated equations with logistic regression to assess if the odds of using outpatient mental healthcare services differed for migrant and descendant women compared to majority women. We also conducted generalised estimated equations with negative binomial regression to calculate consultation incidence rate ratios for migrant and descendant women relative to majority women among those with a common mental disorder. Results Both migrant and descendant women had lower odds (OR = 0.47 and OR = 0.60 respectively) of using outpatient mental healthcare services than majority women. Odds of using services increased with length of residency. We also found significant variation by country of origin. Among women with common mental disorders who had used services, migrants, but not descendants, had a lower consultation rate ratio than majority women. Analyses by region of origin revealed that this did not apply to women from EU European countries, North America and Australia and New Zealand. Conclusion Women with migrant background are, overall, underrepresented in OPMH services. Findings indicate that migrant women may not only experience barriers to seeking and accessing care but also in maintaining access to care. This may especially be the case for newly arrived migrant women and women from non-Western countries. Treatment may not be culturally adapted for these groups. Closer investigation of the barriers migrant women experience after using OPMH services is required.

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