Affective and Cognitive Trust as Mediators in the Influence of Leader Motivating Language on Personal Initiative

2020 ◽  
pp. 232948842091550
Author(s):  
Bin Ling ◽  
Yue Guo
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Trust ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Personal Initiative ◽  
Motivating Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

We investigated the mediating effects of affective and cognitive trust on the relationship between leaders’ use of motivating language and employees’ personal initiative. Hierarchical linear modeling was performed on nested data obtained from a sample of 238 participants from mainland China. The results showed that leaders’ motivating language positively influenced employees’ personal initiative at the team level and their affective and cognitive trust at the individual level. Additionally, both affective and cognitive trust significantly mediated the relationship between motivating language used by leaders and personal initiative demonstrated by employees. These findings point to the positive implications for an organization of a mechanism that fosters employees’ trust in their leaders through the translation of motivational language used by leaders into employees’ behavior demonstrating their personal initiative.

scholarly journals Factors Determining Income among Real Estate Salespersons: The Impacts of Individual Conditions, Franchises, and Regular Chains

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Chun-Chang Lee ◽  
Cheng-Huang Tung ◽  
Yu-Heng Lee ◽  
Shu-Man You
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given ◽  
Regular Chains

<p>This study explores the factors that affect the incomes of real estate salespersons by applying hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to investigate the incomes of real estate salespersons in Kaohsiung. A total of 510 questionnaires were distributed to large chain housing agencies, of which a total of 319 effective samples were retrieved from 54 branch stores, for an effective return rate of 62.55%. The empirical results showed that individual incomes vary significantly from store to store. About 4.8% of the variation in individual incomes was due to differences among different branch stores. The individual income of a real estate salesperson is also significantly affected by individual-level factors such as age, working hours, and working experience. The marginal impact of education level, age, working hours, and working experience on real estate salesperson income is moderated by the type of store at which the given salesperson works. In addition, a branch store’s location has a direct, significant, and positive impact on a real estate salesperson’s income.</p>

scholarly journals Hypothesized, Directly-Coded Curve Shapes in Growth Curve Analysis: An Example

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Herman ◽  
Lee Sechrest
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Growth curve analysis provides important informational benefits regarding intervention outcomes over time. Rarely, however, should outcome trajectories be assumed to be linear. Instead, both the shape and the slope of the growth curve can be estimated. Non-linear growth curves are usually modeled by including either higher-order time variables or orthogonal polynomial contrast codes. Each has limitations (multicollinearity with the first, a lack of coefficient interpretability with the second, and a loss of degrees of freedom with both) and neither encourages direct testing of alternative hypothesized curve shapes. Especially in studies with relatively small samples it is likely to be useful to preserve as much information as possible at the individual level. This article presents a step-by-step example of the use and testing of hypothesized curve shapes in the estimation of growth curves using hierarchical linear modeling for a small intervention study. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v3i2_herman

Research on the Innovation Method of HRM Based on Information Technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 4485-4488
Author(s):  
Man Jing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Psychological Contract ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relational Contract ◽  
The Individual

As an organization s strategy to manage the employment relationship, high-performance work system (HPWS) may lead to superior firm performance and favorable employee outcomes through cultivating the relational aspects of employee’s psychological contract. In this study, we investigated the processes (mediation and moderation) linking HPWS and outcomes at both the organizational and individual levels. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis on a sample of 1129 employees from 92 firms in the Pearl River Delta of China indicated that HPWS was associated with increased firm performance and decreased turnover rate at the organizational level, and relational contract fully mediated the cross-level relationships between HPWS and employees affective commitment and in-role performance at the individual level. In addition, perceived supervisor support moderated the HPWS and relational contract relationship. We discuss theoretical and practical implications to end of this paper.

Mapping societal trust and trust in negotiations

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Yao ◽  
Jeanne M. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Question ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose It is important to infer and diagnose whether a negotiator is trustworthy. In international negotiations, people may assume that high-trust nations are more likely to produce more trustworthy negotiators. Does this assumption hold universally? This study aims to address this research question by investigating the relationship between national-level societal trust and individual-level trust in negotiations. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a cross-sectional research design and a sample of 910 senior managers from 58 nations or regions. The hypotheses are tested by hierarchical linear modeling. Findings This study draws on the dynamic constructivist theory of culture to propose moderated hypotheses. Results show that societal trust predicts individuals’ social perceptions of attitudinal trust in negotiations, only when cultural face norms are weak rather than strong; societal trust predicts individuals’ social perceptions of behavioral trust in negotiations (i.e. high information sharing and low competitive behavior), only when negotiators process information analytically rather than holistically. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the relationship between national-level societal trust (i.e. generalized trust) and individual-level trust in negotiations (i.e. particularistic trust). It uses a large-scale, multinational sample to show that relying on societal trust to infer trust in negotiations is valid only in Western societies.

scholarly journals A multilevel investigation of China’s regional economic conditions on co-creation of dining experience and outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 2132-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingjie Ji ◽  
IpKin Anthony Wong ◽  
Anita Eves ◽  
Aliana Man Wai Leong
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how the presence of other customers in restaurant social settings becomes a resource (referred to as “customer-to-customer interaction” or “C2CI”) to co-create an escape dining experience and stimulate dining outcomes, namely, food attachment and dining frequency. The relationships are further tested under the effects of regional economic conditions. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected by using a multi-step approach. The first data set was obtained through a personally administered survey, which included a sample of 356 Chinese tourists who dined at fine Western (i.e. Portuguese) restaurants in Macau. The second data set concerned economic statistics and was obtained from the statistics departments of mainland China and Taiwan. A multilevel design with hierarchical linear modeling was used to test the proposed model. Multilevel mediating and moderating effects were also examined. Findings The results suggest that customer escape dining experience significantly mediated the relationship between C2CI and food attachment, while food attachment fully mediated the relationship between customer escape experience and dining frequency. The multilevel effect of regional economic conditions played a significant role in moderating the C2CI–escape experience relationship in which the effect of C2CI was more salient for tourists from less economically developed regions in China. The experience–food attachment relationship was also contingent on the regional economic conditions in which the relationship was stronger for tourists from less economically developed areas. A multilevel mediating effect was also presented in the study. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature on experience co-creation in restaurant dining by exploring and testing the possibility of the presence of other customers to become a resource of experience co-creation, which is currently overlooked in the restaurant dining literature. The study advances the concept of co-creation by including the presence of other customers and restates the active role of diners in creating experiences. It also considers the existence of structural patterns in individualized experiences.

The Multilevel Impacts of Proximate Crime Generators and Attractors on Individual-Level Perceptions of Crime Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (13) ◽  
pp. 1798-1822
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Houser ◽  
Eric S. McCord ◽  
Evan T. Sorg
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Perceptions Of Crime ◽  
Theoretical Application ◽  
Crime Risk ◽  
The Individual

Fear of crime has been associated with mental illness, poor physical health, reduced social cohesion and informal social control. Prior studies examining variance in levels of fear have been explained at both the individual and neighborhood levels. Although there is a growing body of research examining the association between specific land uses and perceptions of risk, these studies have generally measured land uses individually rather than in a grouped theoretical context or in terms of homogeneous categories; the latter are hampered by inadequate theoretical application and a failure to recognize differences in the effects of land uses that share common characteristics. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the current study examined whether the proximity and volume of theoretically driven criminogenic land uses influence perceptions of crime risk.

scholarly journals People Financing Entrepreneurs within and outside the Family: Pandemic Decline and Resilience in Cultures around the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Ahmed Tolba ◽  
Ayman Ismail ◽  
Thomas Schøtt
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
National Level ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Business Angel ◽  
The Individual

People may finance entrepreneurs, often family members. Here, the question is: how has the COVID-19 pandemic affected people’s funding of family-related entrepreneurs and non-family-related entrepreneurs? The pandemic predictably reduced the funding of family-related entrepreneurs and especially the financing of non-family-related entrepreneurs. However, a culture supportive of family businesses may alleviate the declining funding of family-related entrepreneurs, predictably, while a secular–rational culture supportive of non-family businesses may alleviate the declining financing of non-family-related entrepreneurs. Similar to a field experiment, a globally representative survey was conducted before and after the disruption in 42 countries, interviewing 266,983 adults either before or after the disruption. The individual-level data are combined with national-level data on culture, amenable to hierarchical linear modeling. People’s financing of family-related entrepreneurs and especially of non-family-related entrepreneurs are found to have declined with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, culture provides resilience, in that the declining funding of family-related entrepreneurs was alleviated where the culture supports family businesses, and the declining funding of non-family-related entrepreneurs was alleviated in societies with a secular–rational culture. The findings contribute to contextualizing business angel financing temporally, as embedded in time before and after the COVID-19 pandemic disruption, and societally, as embedded in culture providing resilience.

scholarly journals Hypothesized, Directly-Coded Curve Shapes in Growth Curve Analysis: An Example

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Herman ◽  
Lee Sechrest
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Growth curve analysis provides important informational benefits regarding intervention outcomes over time. Rarely, however, should outcome trajectories be assumed to be linear. Instead, both the shape and the slope of the growth curve can be estimated. Non-linear growth curves are usually modeled by including either higher-order time variables or orthogonal polynomial contrast codes. Each has limitations (multicollinearity with the first, a lack of coefficient interpretability with the second, and a loss of degrees of freedom with both) and neither encourages direct testing of alternative hypothesized curve shapes. Especially in studies with relatively small samples it is likely to be useful to preserve as much information as possible at the individual level. This article presents a step-by-step example of the use and testing of hypothesized curve shapes in the estimation of growth curves using hierarchical linear modeling for a small intervention study. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v3i2_herman

Coaching competency and trust in coach in sport teams

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
San-Fu Kao ◽  
Ming-Hui Hsieh ◽  
Po-Lun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Character Building ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Coaching Competency

This study examines the relationship between coaching competency as evaluated by athletes and their perceptions of trust in their coaches. The authors hypothesize that athletes’ evaluation of four dimensions of coaching competency is positively related to their trust in their coaches, and that this relationship is stronger at the team level than at the individual level. In total, 438 basketball players (251 males and 187 females) from 34 teams completed the Coaching Competency Scale (CCS) and the trust in the coach questionnaire during the postseason. The hypotheses were tested through hierarchical linear modeling. The analyses revealed that individual- and group-level evaluations of the four-dimensional CCS (motivation, game-strategy, technique, and character-building competencies) positively predicted trust in the coach; furthermore, group-level coaching competency was the primary contributor to this relationship. Therefore, improving the psychological and tactical skills of coaches and their skill detection abilities and instruction at training together with a positive attitude toward sports may help improve the trust of athletes in their coaches.

scholarly journals Linkage Between the Environment and Individual Resilience to Urban Flooding: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Song ◽  
Weifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Environmental Determinants ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Resilience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physiological Benefits ◽  
The Individual

Resilience is widely accepted as the capacities implemented to manage climate change. Exploring how individual resilience can be enhanced to better prepare residents for natural disasters, such as urban flooding, is therefore necessary. Environmental cognitions that provide psychological and physiological benefits to people by adding motivation to interact with the place are factors influencing people’s resilience-oriented behaviors but have largely been ignored in existing research. As such, this study establishes a framework for the concept of individual resilience to urban flooding. Gongming, a sub-district of Shenzhen, China, is considered the case area wherein individual resilience and its environmental determinants are evaluated. Through hierarchical linear modeling, the environmental determinants of individual resilience at the individual and community levels are identified. At the individual level, the main factors are a few green spaces, low quality of the built environment, mutual distrust and lack of well-being perceived by residents. At the community level, the results suggest that the social environment, particularly its gatedness, is pivotal to individual resilience. This study offers an approach for analyzing factors that limit individual resilience from the environmental perspective, thereby providing a basis for formulating corresponding policy recommendations to effectively improve resilience through urban planning.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document