Multifaceted Aspects of Economic Corridors in the Context of Regional Security: The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor as a Stabilising and Destabilising Factor

2021 ◽  
pp. 234779702110177
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kuszewska ◽  
Agnieszka Nitza-Makowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Security Risk ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Power Game ◽  
Regional Character ◽  
The Belt And Road

This article investigates the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which involves a whole package of multiple cooperative initiatives aimed to accelerate connectivity via land routes and boost Sino-Pakistani collaboration. While channelling Chinese power and interests, this corridor, being a key part of the Belt and Road Initiative, may significantly affect the security landscape in conflict-prone South Asia, and the economic, political and social dynamics within Pakistan. Being a fragile state with multiple domestic challenges and asymmetric position vis-à-vis China, Pakistan is a valuable source for regional power game and China’s aspiration analysis. The comprehensive evaluation of economic corridors’ multidimensional impact on volatile regions with poor socio-economic background, contested political power and high-security risk fills a much-needed gap in contemporary security studies. We contend that CPEC may bring stabilising and destabilising results; yet, if certain conditions are not met, over the long term, the latter are likely to outweigh the former due to the various aspects of internal, bilateral and regional character. To evaluate the corridor’s multifaceted implications, firstly, we conceptualise CPEC within the selected international relations paradigms, and secondly, we empirically refer to our assumptions.

The Belt and Road Initiative: Goals and Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Adnan Khalaf i Hammed Al-Badrani ◽  
Hind Ziyad Nafeih
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation.       It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country.   The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

China’s evolving humanitarian diplomacy: Evidence from China’s disaster-related aid to Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110192
Author(s):  
Peng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Post Disaster ◽  
Effective Channel ◽  
India And China

Engaging in disaster relief and, more recently, post-disaster reconstruction in developing countries with critical geoeconomic and geopolitical interests has become an increasingly regular and institutionalized component of China’s evolving humanitarian diplomacy over the past decade. Drawn upon novel evidence from China’s growing disaster-related humanitarian assistance to Nepal and unprecedented engagement in Nepal’s long-term post-earthquake rebuild since 2015, this article explores the dynamics behind China’s transforming humanitarian diplomacy. The findings of this article suggest that: 1) geopolitical and geoeconomic interests, represented by the Belt-and-Road Initiative, serve as a critical driver for the development of China’s bilateral partnership with other countries in the disaster sector; 2) long-term cooperation with underdeveloped countries like Nepal provides China, both government and non-state actors (NSAs), with an effective channel to engage with the international humanitarian community and to internalize humanitarian norms; 3) although humanitarian missions remain contingent and instrumental in China’s international relations, they are laying the foundations for a specialized humanitarian policy area with more relevant normative assets, more professional actors, and more sophisticated institutions; 4) NSAs, represented by private foundations and civil NGOs, have played active roles in the state-dominant cooperation in disaster management. This article also suggests that intensified geopolitical confrontations, such as military clashes between India and China along their disputed borders over the past year, would lead to a high degree of politicization of humanitarian missions and partnerships counter-conducive to humanitarian goals.

scholarly journals AHP- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the safety risk in power investment project along “the Belt and Road”

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 01039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taihua Yang ◽  
Zhixiang Li ◽  
Jing Qin
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Asian Country ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
South Asian Country ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Energy is the focal point of “the belt and Road” investment cooperation. Because of the uncertainty factors, the safety risk of investment and construction is high, so the management and control of project is very difficult. Taking the 50M wind farm project in a South Asian country as an example, this paper constructs a safety risk assessment index system including 14 basic factors through the identification of the safety factors of “the belt and road” power investment project, and analyzes it by using the AHPfuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that the final safety risk evaluation score of a power investment project in a South Asian country belongs to the “medium risk” range. Geopolitical risk, national sovereignty risk, local legal risk and local natural environment risk are the main indicators, whose risk grade is relatively high. Finally, the paper puts forward the effective risk countermeasures and suggestions.

scholarly journals Research on the Joint Development of Cities of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area: A Case Study of Foshan City

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mingyang Luo
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Joint Development ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Promoting the construction of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area is a major policy decision and national strategy made by the central government of China, which significantly supports the Belt and Road Initiative and maintains the long-term prosperity for the whole country. As an important part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Foshan needs to find its own position and direction in order to accelerate the joint development with other cities through five measures.

scholarly journals Chińska inicjatywa pasa i szlaku a ryzyko zadłużenia jej beneficjentów

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Belt And Road

Chinese Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is not only an economic or political project, but also has the potential to transform the international system. The initiative‘s impact is large – from stimulating the financing of infrastructure investments in various countries around the world to the development of new global supply chains. The scientific goal of the article is to analyze the consequences of implementing the initiative. The research problem is included in the following question: does the Belt and Road Initiative contribute to increasing Chinese influence in the world and carries the risk of driving poorer countries into the ―debt trap‖? The conclusion from the article is that China should create an improved version of the BRI initiative based on a better risk assessment of the current projects. Infrastructure investments, if not carefully implemented and controlled, may lead to consequences, such as increasing the debt of some countries in the long term.

DOES THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE RESHAPE CHINA’S OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASEAN? SHIFTING MOTIVES OF STATE-OWNED AND PRIVATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
SHI JIN ◽  
HU XIAOHUI ◽  
LI YUNXIONG ◽  
FENG TAO
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Conditional Logit ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

In recent years, China has been increasingly witnessed as a major global outward investor, especially since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013. The question of whether and if yes how the BRI reshapes firm outward investment motives remains under-researched. Using a project-level database of China’s Outward Direct Investment from the Ministry of Commerce from 2010 to 2015, this paper investigates the changing investment motives of state-owned and private-owned enterprises (SOEs and POEs) before and after the implementation of the BRI in two periods, namely 2010–2013 and 2014–2015. Our conditional logit models show that (1) market-seeking is one of the key motives for both POEs and SOEs; (2) POEs pursued natural resources in ASEAN based on geographical and relational proximity in the pre-BRI period while SOEs are directed to exploit natural resources in ASEAN besides remoter destinations after the launch of the BRI; (3) POEs are risk-taking in both periods, which runs counter to conventional expectations. This can be explained by the long-term investment tradition of POEs in ASEAN in which POEs are attracted predominantly by socio-economic factors and often less sensitive to variegated host institutions among ASEAN countries and (4) the BRI promotes Chinese OFDI in ASEAN through increased senior leader visits and enhanced diplomatic relations.

Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-167
Author(s):  
Jin Chen ◽  
Liying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
External Demand ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Opening Up

The long-term gradual recovery of the world economy has provided a good international environment for entrepreneurship and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With the continuous deepening of reforms and policies such as “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” and “Internet Plus,” unprecedented policy dividends have benefited SMEs’ entrepreneurship and innovation. In particular, the new round of opening up, led by “The Belt and Road” construction, will stimulate more external demand, which will provide good opportunities for the development of SMEs. With the current weak foundation for the recovery of the world economy, there are still many uncertainties. The problem of insufficient and imbalanced domestic economic development is still outstanding, and economic development still faces many difficulties and challenges. Overall, the international and domestic environment faced by China’s SMEs is improving.

Meaning and Update of the Historical Silk Road: Globalization from East to West

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Oleg Suša
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
China And India ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Contextual Framework ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Global Initiatives ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
South Of Europe ◽  
The Silk Road

Abstract The article analyzes the historical Silk Road in its long-term development. It entails reflections on the knowledge of Eastern global interactions providing a long-term contextual framework for Eurasia as a single continent. Eurasian globalization influenced the interactions of regions from China and India, through Western Asia, the Middle East, Eastern and Northern Africa and the Mediterranean, and the south of Europe. An important role was played by the Silk Road, as the main historical long-term network of global interactions and communication, which is now being echoed in the new current global initiatives, particularly the Belt and Road Initiative, which updates the historical Silk Road.

The Prospect of Belt and Road Initiative in the Context of Bangladesh

China Report ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-483
Author(s):  
Rubiat Saimum
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The purpose of this article is to examine the prospect of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from the perspective of Bangladesh. The article investigates fundamental aspects of China’s economic involvement in Bangladesh to understand the geo-economic basis of the initiative. In this respect, the objective and motivation behind Chinese involvement in Bangladesh’s economy are studied, and the political and economic challenges emanating from the participation of the latter country in the initiative are outlined. Methodologically, this research adopts a qualitative approach and relies on primary sources to collect data. It concludes with an observation that Chinese investments through BRI could, in the long term, be advantageous for Bangladesh’s economy as long as the regional and economic issues associated with the initiative are appropriately dealt with. Besides, it suggests that the success of the initiative in South Asia, as well as in Bangladesh, requires a collaborative effort from all the states of the region on functional issue areas such as trade and connectivity.

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