scholarly journals The Importance of Teaching History of Inequities in Public Health Programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-256
Author(s):  
Paul J. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Degree Programs ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Teaching History ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
History Of

Learning the history of inequities is typically not a major part of public health degree programs but can be fundamental to truly understanding health inequities and identifying potential solutions. A historical perspective on inequities can help understand present-day inequities as constructed over time, provide needed context for community engagement efforts, and help identify the system of advantages and disadvantages based on race, gender, and class that have been built into U.S. society. There are many ways to integrate a historical perspective on inequities into public health degree programs, and this article provides an example course on historical roots of health inequities. To more effectively reduce health inequities, it is imperative that Schools and Programs of Public Health adopt curriculum content to provide public health professionals and researchers a much-needed historical perspective on inequities.

Teaching Graduate Students to Evaluate Public Health Programs Through Community-Based Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Brenda M. Joly
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Program Evaluation ◽  
Core Competency ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Community Based Learning

Public health professionals are increasingly called on to demonstrate program evaluation skills, a core competency for the field. Learning opportunities that are connected to community organizations with identified evaluation needs give students meaningful opportunities to build and test new skills. When thoughtfully implemented, community-based learning benefits both the student and the community, yet there are several important considerations for designing a course that incorporates this feature. This article describes one approach for teaching graduate public health students how to conceptualize and write a comprehensive program evaluation plan for a community agency, based on the needs, priorities, and capacity of that agency. Lessons learned and recommendations for adopting this model are discussed.

scholarly journals Population health indicators across Ontario’s Public Health Units: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Suman Kanoatova ◽  
Eric N. Liberda ◽  
M. Anne Harris
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Community Health Survey

Background Currently, 34 public health units (PHUs) in Ontario deliver public health programs and services to reduce preventable diseases, promote and protect health of their communities, and reduce persistent health inequities. Changes to the structure of Ontario PHUs have been proposed. This analysis compares the current 34 Ontario PHUs based on key health indicators for the purpose of determining local health needs in delivering public health programs and as a baseline for measuring the effect of any future changes to PHU structure. Methods We used data from the 2015–2016 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), a voluntary cross-sectional survey about health status of Canadians. Twenty-one health indicators measured by the CCHS and particularly relevant to PHU responsibilities were identified and compared across units. In this descriptive, cross-sectional analyses we used survey-weighted frequency calculations of the selected indicator variables by PHU and χ2 analyses to test differences in indicator distribution across PHU. Results All indicators except for sex were distributed unevenly by PHU. We particularly highlight differences across units in modifiable indicators and risk factors such as obesity, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical inactivity, smoking, and access to primary care physicians. Impact of the study While all PHUs strive towards the same mandated responsibilities, considerable variations in health indicators exist between health units. This underscores the necessity for PHUs to tailor programs and deliver services based on local needs. Future changes to PHU structure must be tested against baseline to determine if they ameliorate or exacerbate health inequities in Ontario.

scholarly journals A school without railings: rural backgrounds, social medicine, and the circulation of public health material in Colombia, 1930-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-808
Author(s):  
Natalia Botero-Tovar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Medicine ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Health Related ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Magazines ◽  
Hygiene Education

Abstract Ambitious state hygiene education projects designed during liberal governments in Colombia (1930-1946) faced not just the poverty of rural populations, but also the reluctance of local political forces. I analyze hygiene education programs during the first two liberal governments of the Liberal Republic. I argue that public health programs did not reach their audience due to local clientelism and political corruption. The sources of this article come mainly from Colombia’s Ministry of Education reports and cultural magazines. The education sector also had health-related responsibilities and developed assessments of local needs, which contributed to public health programs. Latin America’s public health historiography could be enriched by exploring failures in the implementation of projects in the history of social medicine.

Risk Attitudes and Behavior Among Norwegian Adolescents

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Iversen ◽  
Torbjørn Rundmo ◽  
Hroar Klempe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
The Core ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Abstract. The core aim of the present study is to compare the effects of a safety campaign and a behavior modification program on traffic safety. As is the case in community-based health promotion, the present study's approach of the attitude campaign was based on active participation of the group of recipients. One of the reasons why many attitude campaigns conducted previously have failed may be that they have been society-based public health programs. Both the interventions were carried out simultaneously among students aged 18-19 years in two Norwegian high schools (n = 342). At the first high school the intervention was behavior modification, at the second school a community-based attitude campaign was carried out. Baseline and posttest data on attitudes toward traffic safety and self-reported risk behavior were collected. The results showed that there was a significant total effect of the interventions although the effect depended on the type of intervention. There were significant differences in attitude and behavior only in the sample where the attitude campaign was carried out and no significant changes were found in the group of recipients of behavior modification.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Effectiveness in Ghana (TyVEGHA) Using a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Phase IV Trial: Trial Design and Population Baseline Characteristics

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Andrea Haekyung Haselbeck ◽  
Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse ◽  
Juyeon Park ◽  
Malick M. Gibani ◽  
Ligia María Cruz Espinoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Cluster Randomized

Typhoid fever remains a significant health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, with incidence rates of >100 cases per 100,000 person-years of observation. Despite the prequalification of safe and effective typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV), some uncertainties remain around future demand. Real-life effectiveness data, which inform public health programs on the impact of TCVs in reducing typhoid-related mortality and morbidity, from an African setting may help encourage the introduction of TCVs in high-burden settings. Here, we describe a cluster-randomized trial to investigate population-level protection of TYPBAR-TCV®, a Vi-polysaccharide conjugated to a tetanus-toxoid protein carrier (Vi-TT) against blood-culture-confirmed typhoid fever, and the synthesis of health economic evidence to inform policy decisions. A total of 80 geographically distinct clusters are delineated within the Agogo district of the Asante Akim region in Ghana. Clusters are randomized to the intervention arm receiving Vi-TT or a control arm receiving the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine. The primary study endpoint is the total protection of Vi-TT against blood-culture-confirmed typhoid fever. Total, direct, and indirect protection are measured as secondary outcomes. Blood-culture-based enhanced surveillance enables the estimation of incidence rates in the intervention and control clusters. Evaluation of the real-world impact of TCVs and evidence synthesis improve the uptake of prequalified/licensed safe and effective typhoid vaccines in public health programs of high burden settings. This trial is registered at the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, accessible at Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (ID: PACTR202011804563392).

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